Prolonged fecal shedding of replication-competent virus, lasting immune activation, and intestinal inflammation in a rhesus macaque after experimental SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Infection of an adult rhesus macaque with SARS-CoV-2 led to viral RNAemia in nose, throat, and lungs. The animal also presented extended fecal shedding of viral genomic and subgenomic messenger RNA and replication-competent virus for more than 3 weeks after infection. Positron emission tomography revealed increased intestinal glucose metabolism which was histologically related to inflammation of the ileum.

Similar Limited Protection Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Omicron Infection in Vaccinated Individuals With HIV and Comparable Controls.

Background: Little is known about the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron infection in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; PWH) with vaccine-induced or hybrid immunity. We assessed the incidence of Omicron infection in 209 AGEIV coronavirus disease 2019 substudy participants with well-controlled HIV on antiretroviral therapy and 280 comparable controls, who had received at least the primary vaccination series.

Methods: From September 2020 onward, participants were assessed every 6 months for the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, per SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibody assay or self-reported positive antigen or polymerase chain reaction test.

Discovery, Pathogenesis, and Complete Genome Characterization of Herpesvirus.

In 2015 and 2016, two Barramundi () farms in Singapore reported a disease outbreak characterized by lethargic behavior, pronounced inappetence, generalized skin lesions, erosions of the fins and tail, and ultimately high mortality in their fish. Next-generation sequencing and PCR confirmed presence of a novel virus belonging to the family, herpesvirus (LCHV), which was subsequently isolated and cultured. We characterize, for the first time, the complete genome of two cultured LCHV isolates.

Anelloviruses versus human immunity: how do we control these viruses?

One continuous companion and one of the major players in the human blood virome are members of the Anelloviridae family. Anelloviruses are probably found in all humans, infection occurs early in life and the composition (anellome) is thought to remain stable and personal during adulthood. The stable anellome implies a great balance between the host immune system and the virus.

Influenza-like illness symptoms due to endemic human coronavirus reinfections are not influenced by the length of the interval separating reinfections.

Unlabelled: After 3 years of its introduction to humans, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been declared as endemic. Little is known about the severity of the disease manifestation that future infections may cause, especially when reinfections occur after humoral immunity from a previous infection or vaccination has waned. Such knowledge could inform policymakers regarding the frequency of vaccination.

The Impact of First-Time SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Human Anelloviruses.

Members of the family dominate the blood virome, emerging early in life. The anellome, representing the variety of anelloviruses within an individual, stabilizes by adulthood. Despite their supposedly commensal nature, elevated anellovirus concentrations under immunosuppressive treatment indicate an equilibrium controlled by immunity.

Endemic Human Coronavirus-Specific Nasal Immunoglobulin A and Serum Immunoglobulin G Dynamics in Lower Respiratory Tract Infections.

Endemic human coronaviruses (HCoV) NL63, 229E, OC43, and HKU1 cause respiratory infection. Following infection, a virus-specific serum antibody rise is usually observed, coinciding with recovery. In some cases, an infection is not accompanied by an immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody rise in serum in the first month after HCoV infection, even though the infection has cleared in that month and the patient has recovered.

Determinants of epidemic size and the impacts of lulls in seasonal influenza virus circulation.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, levels of seasonal influenza virus circulation were unprecedentedly low, leading to concerns that a lack of exposure to influenza viruses, combined with waning antibody titres, could result in larger and/or more severe post-pandemic seasonal influenza epidemics. However, in most countries the first post-pandemic influenza season was not unusually large and/or severe. Here, based on an analysis of historical influenza virus epidemic patterns from 2002 to 2019, we show that historic lulls in influenza virus circulation had relatively minor impacts on subsequent epidemic size and that epidemic size was more substantially impacted by season-specific effects unrelated to the magnitude of circulation in prior seasons.

Smart devices to measure and monitor QT intervals.

Careful observation of the QT interval is important to monitor patients with long QT syndrome and during treatment with potentially QT-prolonging medication. It is also crucial in the development of novel drugs, in particular in case of a potential side effect of QT prolongation and in patients with increased risk of QT prolongation. The 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) is the gold standard to evaluate cardiac conduction and repolarization times.

TMPRSS2 is a functional receptor for human coronavirus HKU1.

Four endemic seasonal human coronaviruses causing common colds circulate worldwide: HKU1, 229E, NL63 and OC43 (ref. ). After binding to cellular receptors, coronavirus spike proteins are primed for fusion by transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) or endosomal cathepsins.

Epidemiology of Modic changes in dogs: Prevalence, possible risk factors, and association with spinal phenotypes.

Background: Chronic low back pain, a leading contributor to disease burden worldwide, is often caused by intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. Modic changes (MCs) are MRI signal intensity changes due to lesions in vertebral bone marrow adjacent to degenerated IVDs. Only a few studies described the histopathological changes associated with MC to date.

Correction: Kosoltanapiwat et al. A Novel Simian Adenovirus Associating with Human Adenovirus Species G Isolated from Long-Tailed Macaque Feces. 2023, , 1371.

After publication of the article, the authors received comments from a member of the editorial board who is an expert in the field of adenovirus concerning figures and references that should be included in the paper [...

Parasitic, bacterial, viral, immune-mediated, metabolic and nutritional factors associated with nodding syndrome.

Nodding syndrome is a neglected, disabling and potentially fatal epileptic disorder of unknown aetiology affecting thousands of individuals mostly confined to Eastern sub-Saharan Africa. Previous studies have identified multiple associations-including , antileiomodin-1 antibodies, vitamin B deficiency and measles virus infection-yet, none is proven causal. We conducted a case-control study of children with early-stage nodding syndrome (symptom onset <1 year).

Factors associated with treatment adherence to mandibular advancement devices: a scoping review.

Purpose: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is frequently treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or mandibular advancement devices (MADs). For various reasons, both treatment options are often affected by low adherence. While factors associated with low CPAP adherence are described in the literature extensively, less is known about adherence to MAD therapy.

Robust Vaccine-Induced as Well as Hybrid B- and T-Cell Immunity across SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Platforms in People with HIV.

Few studies have comprehensively compared severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine-induced and hybrid B- and T-cell responses in people with HIV (PWH) to those in comparable controls without HIV. We included 195 PWH and 246 comparable controls from the AGEIV COVID-19 substudy. A positive nucleocapsid antibody (INgezim IgA/IgM/IgG) or self-reported PCR test defined prior SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Focal lesions following intracerebral gene therapy for mucopolysaccharidosis IIIA.

Objective: Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA (MPSIIIA) caused by recessive SGSH variants results in sulfamidase deficiency, leading to neurocognitive decline and death. No disease-modifying therapy is available. The AAVance gene therapy trial investigates AAVrh.

Vertebrate-tropism of a cressdnavirus lineage implicated by poxvirus gene capture.

Among cressdnaviruses, only the family is recognized to infect vertebrates, while many others have unknown hosts. Detection of virus-to-host horizontal gene transfer is useful for solving such virus-host relationships. Here, we extend this utility to an unusual case of virus-to-virus horizontal transfer, showing multiple ancient captures of cressdnavirus genes by avipoxviruses-large dsDNA pathogens of birds and other saurians.

ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: 2023.

The family includes viruses with positive-sense RNA genomes of 22-36 kb that are expressed through a nested set of 3' co-terminal subgenomic mRNAs. Members of the subfamily are characterized by 80-160 nm diameter, enveloped virions with spike projections. The orthocoronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus are extremely pathogenic for humans and in the last two decades have been responsible for the SARS and MERS epidemics.

Viral, Bacterial, Metabolic, and Autoimmune Causes of Severe Acute Encephalopathy in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Multicenter Cohort Study.

Objectives: To assess whether viral, bacterial, metabolic, and autoimmune diseases are missed by conventional diagnostics among children with severe acute encephalopathy in sub-Saharan Africa.

Study Design: One hundred thirty-four children (6 months to 18 years) presenting with nontraumatic coma or convulsive status epilepticus to 1 of 4 medical referral centers in Uganda, Malawi, and Rwanda were enrolled between 2015 and 2016. Locally available diagnostic tests could be supplemented in 117 patients by viral, bacterial, and 16s quantitative polymerase chain reaction testing, metagenomics, untargeted metabolomics, and autoimmune immunohistochemistry screening.

Anellovirus evolution during long-term chronic infection.

Human anelloviruses (AVs) are extremely genetically diverse, are widespread in the human population, and cause chronic infections. However, the evolutionary dynamics of AVs within single hosts is currently unknown, and it is unclear whether these changes have an implication on the long-term persistence of AVs in the host. Here, we assessed the evolutionary dynamics of six AV lineages during 30 years of chronic infection at single host resolution.

No Evidence of Ntwetwe Virus Infections in Children Presenting to Kiboga Hospital, Uganda.

We investigated whether Ntwetwe virus-a novel orthobunyavirus discovered in a Ugandan girl with a fatal encephalopathy-was a common reason for hospital admission for children to Kiboga hospital, Uganda. A case-control was conducted between September 2019 and September 2020, including cases with severe neurological disease and mild febrile illness, matched to a healthy control without fever. Among 143 subjects, no cases with an acute infection were identified.

Bacterial ribosomal RNA detection in cerebrospinal fluid using a viromics approach.

Background: In patients with central nervous system (CNS) infections identification of the causative pathogen is important for treatment. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing techniques are increasingly being applied to identify causes of CNS infections, as they can detect any pathogen nucleic acid sequences present. Viromic techniques that enrich samples for virus particles prior to sequencing may simultaneously enrich ribosomes from bacterial pathogens, which are similar in size to small viruses.

Potential impacts of prolonged absence of influenza virus circulation on subsequent epidemics.

Background: During the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic, the circulation of seasonal influenza viruses was unprecedentedly low. This led to concerns that the lack of immune stimulation to influenza viruses combined with waning antibody titres could lead to increased susceptibility to influenza in subsequent seasons, resulting in larger and more severe epidemics.

Methods: We analyzed historical influenza virus epidemiological data from 2003-2019 to assess the historical frequency of near-absence of seasonal influenza virus circulation and its impact on the size and severity of subsequent epidemics.