Current Prospects for Plastic Waste Treatment.

The excessive amount of global plastic produced over the past century, together with poor waste management, has raised concerns about environmental sustainability. Plastic recycling has become a practical approach for diminishing plastic waste and maintaining sustainability among plastic waste management methods. Chemical and mechanical recycling are the typical approaches to recycling plastic waste, with a simple process, low cost, environmentally friendly process, and potential profitability.

Possibility Routes for Textile Recycling Technology.

The fashion industry contributes to a significant environmental issue due to the increasing production and needs of the industry. The proactive efforts toward developing a more sustainable process via textile recycling has become the preferable solution. This urgent and important need to develop cheap and efficient recycling methods for textile waste has led to the research community's development of various recycling methods.

Conversion of Lignocellulose for Bioethanol Production, Applied in Bio-Polyethylene Terephthalate.

The increasing demand for petroleum-based polyethylene terephthalate (PET) grows population impacts daily. A greener and more sustainable raw material, lignocellulose, is a promising replacement of petroleum-based raw materials to convert into bio-PET. This paper reviews the recent development of lignocellulose conversion into bio-PET through bioethanol reaction pathways.

Strategic Possibility Routes of Recycled PET.

The polyethylene terephthalate (PET) application has many challenges and potential due to its sustainability. The conventional PET degradation was developed for several technologies to get higher yield products of ethylene glycol, bis(2-hydroxyethyl terephthalate) and terephthalic acid. The chemical recycling of PET is reviewed, such as pyrolysis, hydrolysis, methanolysis, glycolysis, ionic-liquid, phase-transfer catalysis and combination of glycolysis-hydrolysis, glycolysis-methanolysis and methanolysis-hydrolysis.

Kinetic Study of Glucosamine Production Using BCRC 31742 under Solid-State Fermentation.

In the present study, we aimed to obtain a high yield and productivity for glucosamine using a low-cost solid-state culture with BCRC 31742. The fermentation conditions, such as inoculum biomass, moisture content, and supplemental volume and mineral salt, were chosen to achieve high productivity of glucosamine (GlcN). When the initial supplemental volume used was 3 mL/g substrate, the yield and productivity of GlcN were 48.

Effect of N flow rate on kinetic investigation of lignin pyrolysis.

Fast pyrolysis of lignin can obtain valuable products such as bio-oil, bio-chemical, syngas, and biochar. In this study, two types of lignin known as brown solid from the byproduct of cellulosic ethanol fermentation and commercial dealkaline lignin from the papermaking process were used for pyrolysis in a 3-L batch reactor at 300-450 °C. The product composition in the liquid and gas phases were analyzed by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/Flame-ionization detector/thermal conductivity detector (GC-MS/FID/TCD).

Exploring Dual-Substrate Cultivation Strategy of 1,3-Propanediol Production Using Klebsiella pneumoniae.

1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO) has numerous industrial applications in the synthesis of the monomer of the widely used fiber polytrimethylene terephthalate. In this work, the production of 1,3-PDO by Klebsiella pneumoniae is increased by dual-substrate cultivation and fed-batch fermentation. Experimental results indicate that the production of 1,3-PDO can be elevated to 16.

Ethylene Formation from Ethanol Dehydration Using ZSM-5 Catalyst.

Catalysts prepared for ethanol dehydration in a fixed-bed reactor acted as strong active acidic catalysts under reaction conditions at lower temperatures. Experimental conditions including the catalyst type [active aluminum oxide (γ-AlO) and ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst modified using two-stage through dealumination or desilication and by using the impregnation method with phosphorous and lanthanum], weight hourly space velocity (WHSV), ethanol concentration, and reaction temperature were investigated to obtain optimal reaction conditions. The catalysts were characterized using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method, temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia gas, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction.

Efficient production of mutant phytase (phyA-7) derived from Selenomonas ruminantium using recombinant Escherichia coli in pilot scale.

A mutant gene of rumen phytase (phyA-7) was cloned into pET23b(+) vector and expressed in the Escherichia coli BL21 under the control of the T7 promoter. The study of fermentation conditions includes the temperature impacts of mutant phytase expression, the effect of carbon supplements over induction stage, the inferences of acetic acid accumulation upon enzyme expression and the comparison of one-stage and two-stage operations in batch mode. The maximum value of phytase activity was reached 107.

Partition separation and characterization of the polyhydroxyalkanoates synthase produced from recombinant Escherichia coli using an aqueous two-phase system.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are renewable and biodegradable polyesters which can be synthesized either by numerous of microorganisms in vivo or synthase in vitro. The synthesis of PHAs in vitro requires an efficient separation for high yield of purified enzyme. The recombinant Escherichia coli harboring phaC gene derived from Ralstonia eutropha H16 was cultivated in the chemically defined medium for overexpression of synthase in the present work.

Ethylene Formation by Catalytic Dehydration of Ethanol with Industrial Considerations.

Ethylene is the primary component in most plastics, making it economically valuable. It is produced primarily by steam-cracking of hydrocarbons, but can alternatively be produced by the dehydration of ethanol, which can be produced from fermentation processes using renewable substrates such as glucose, starch and others. Due to rising oil prices, researchers now look at alternative reactions to produce green ethylene, but the process is far from being as economically competitive as using fossil fuels.

Biodegradable and biocompatible biomaterial, polyhydroxybutyrate, produced by an indigenous Vibrio sp. BM-1 isolated from marine environment.

Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is one of the polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) which has biodegradable and biocompatible properties. They are adopted in the biomedical field, in, for example, medical implants and drug delivery carriers. This study seeks to promote the production of PHB by Vibrio sp.

Screening and evaluation of polyhydroxybutyrate-producing strains from indigenous isolate Cupriavidus taiwanensis strains.

Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is a biodegradable material with many potential biomedical applications, including medical implants and drug delivery. This study developed a system for screening production strains in order to optimize PHA production in Cupriavidus taiwanensis 184, 185, 186, 187, 204, 208, 209 and Pseudomona oleovorans ATCC 29347. In this study, Sudan black B staining, Infrared (IR) and Gas Chromatography (GC) analysis indicated that the best strain for PHA synthesis is C.

Development of natural anti-tumor drugs by microorganisms.

Discoveries of tumor-resistant pharmacological drugs have mainly resulted from screening of natural products and their analogs. Some are also discovered incidentally when studying organisms. The great biodiversity of microorganisms raises the possibility of producing secondary metabolites (e.

Effect of pellet size and stimulating factor on the glucosamine production using Aspergillus sp. BCRC 31742.

The higher GlcN production using a wild-type fungi, Aspergillus sp. BCRC 31742 cultivated under submerged fermentation was investigated. Several fermentation aspects were studied, such as pellet size, working volume, agitation rate and stimulating factor.

Kinetics of hydrogen production of methanol reformation using Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst.

The catalytic performance of methanol reformation using Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 was investigated at low temperature. The operation conditions, such as composition of Cu, Zn, and Al, temperature, molar ratio of H2O/CH3OH, weight hourly space velocity, catalyst weight, and kind and flow rate of carrier gas (helium and air), were evaluated to obtain the optimum reaction condition. The catalysts were prepared by oxalic coprecipitation, coprecipitation, and polyol method.

Determination and kinetics of producing glucosamine using fungi.

This work used three fungi, Rhizopus oligosorus BCRC 31996, Monascus pilosus BCRC31527, and Aspergillus sp. BCRC31742, to produce glucosamine by using submerged fermentation and flask cultures. The reaction of glucosamine with 1-naphthyl isothiocyanate as derivatizing agent was carried out in pyridine at 50 degrees C for 1 h.

Scale-up of upstream and downstream operations for the production of glucosamine using microbial fermentation.

Glucosamine is used to treat osteoarthritis or as a nutritional supplement. The synthesis, isolation, and purification of glucosamine play a crucial role in its industrial application. This work presents the production of glucosamine from microbial fermentation, and discusses the production problems at both the upstream and downstream operations when the fermentation process is scaled up.

Kinetics of synthesizing polymer-supported quaternary ammonium catalysts.

This study attempted to synthesize the optimum quaterary ammonium poly(styrene-co-methylstyrene) catalyst using the combinatorial chemistry method. The catalyst was synthesized by a mix-split method. A phase-transfer catalyst library with 25 kinds of polystyrene-supported quaternary ammonium salt catalyst was the the result of the reaction of five kinds of chloromethylated crosslinked polystyrene with five tert-amines.