A Real-Time Learning Analytics Dashboard for Automatic Detection of Online Learners' Affective States.

Students' affective states describe their engagement, concentration, attitude, motivation, happiness, sadness, frustration, off-task behavior, and confusion level in learning. In online learning, students' affective states are determinative of the learning quality. However, measuring various affective states and what influences them is exceedingly challenging for the lecturer without having real interaction with the students.