Venom Gland Transcriptome Assembly and Characterization for (Kuhl, 1824), the Malayan Pit Viper from Malaysia: Unravelling Toxin Gene Diversity in a Medically Important Basal Crotaline.

In Southeast Asia, the Malayan Pit Viper () is a venomous snake species of medical importance and bioprospecting potential. To unveil the diversity of its toxin genes, this study assembled and analyzed the venom gland transcriptome of from Malaysia. The expression of toxin genes dominates the gland transcriptome by 53.

Equatorial Spitting Cobra () from Malaysia (Negeri Sembilan and Penang), Southern Thailand, and Sumatra: Comparative Venom Proteomics, Immunoreactivity and Cross-Neutralization by Antivenom.

The Equatorial Spitting Cobra () is a medically important venomous snake species in Southeast Asia. Its wide geographical distribution implies potential intra-specific venom variation, while there is no species-specific antivenom available to treat its envenoming. Applying a protein-decomplexing proteomic approach, the study showed that three-finger toxins (3FTX), followed by phospholipases A (PLA), were the major proteins well-conserved across venoms of different locales.

Cytotoxicity of Venoms and Cytotoxins from Asiatic Cobras (, , ) and Neutralization by Antivenoms from Thailand, Vietnam, and Taiwan.

Envenoming by cobras ( spp.) often results in extensive local tissue necrosis when optimal treatment with antivenom is not available. This study investigated the cytotoxicity of venoms and purified cytotoxins from the Monocled Cobra (), Taiwan Cobra (), and Equatorial Spitting Cobra () in a mouse fibroblast cell line, followed by neutralization of the cytotoxicity by three regional antivenoms: the Thai monovalent antivenom (NkMAV), Vietnamese snake antivenom (SAV) and Taiwanese Neuro bivalent antivenom (NBAV).

Protein decomplexation and proteomics: A complementary assessment method of the physicochemical purity of antivenom.

The quality of antivenom is governed by its safety and efficacy profiles. These quality characteristics are much influenced by the purity of antivenom content. Rigorous assessment and meticulous monitoring of antivenom purity at the preclinical setting is hence crucial.

Cytotoxicity of Snake Venoms and Cytotoxins From Two Southeast Asian Cobras (, ): Exploration of Anticancer Potential, Selectivity, and Cell Death Mechanism.

Venoms of cobras ( spp.) contain high abundances of cytotoxins, which contribute to tissue necrosis in cobra envenomation. The tissue-necrotizing activity of cobra cytotoxins, nevertheless, indicates anticancer potentials.

Proteomic insights into short neurotoxin-driven, highly neurotoxic venom of Philippine cobra (Naja philippinensis) and toxicity correlation of cobra envenomation in Asia.

The Philippine cobra, Naja philippinensis, is a WHO Category 1 venomous snake of medical importance responsible for fatal envenomation in the northern Philippines. To elucidate the venom proteome and pathophysiology of envenomation, N. philippinensis venom proteins were decomplexed with reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and protein fractions were subsequently digested with trypsin, followed by nano-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis and data mining.

Exploring the Diversity and Novelty of Toxin Genes in , the Equatorial Spitting Cobra from Malaysia through Venom-Gland Transcriptomics.

The equatorial spitting cobra, , is a distinct species of medically important venomous snakes, listed as WHO Category 1 in Southeast Asia. The diversity of its venom genes has not been comprehensively examined, although a few toxin sequences annotated to were reported previously through cloning studies. To investigate this species venom genes' diversity, venom-gland transcriptomics of from West Malaysia was conducted using next-generation sequencing technology.