Dietary management of neurogenic bowel in adults with spinal cord injury: an integrative review of literature.

Objective: To examine the literature for current evidence on the dietary management of neurogenic bowel in adults with spinal cord injuries (SCIs).

Background: Neurogenic bowel dysfunction presenting as faecal incontinence or constipation is a common occurrence in individuals with SCI. It poses numerous challenges for the management of bowel function and has a significant impact on quality of life following SCI.

Abnormal response of the proliferation and differentiation of growth plate chondrocytes to melatonin in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

Abnormalities in the melatonin signaling pathway and the involvement of melatonin receptor MT2 have been reported in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Whether these abnormalities were involved in the systemic abnormal skeletal growth in AIS during the peripubertal period remain unknown. In this cross-sectional case-control study, growth plate chondrocytes (GPCs) were cultured from twenty AIS and ten normal control subjects.

Abnormal bone quality versus low bone mineral density in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a case-control study with in vivo high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography.

Background Context: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is associated with low bone mass that could persist into early adulthood and is an important prognostic factor for curve progression. Previous studies were confined to areal bone mineral density measurement that was a two-dimensional investigation for a three-dimensional structure. Evaluation of volumetric BMD (vBMD) and other bone quality parameters are important for gaining in-depth understanding of the etiopathogenesis of AIS.

Abnormal Skeletal Growth in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Is Associated with Abnormal Quantitative Expression of Melatonin Receptor, MT2.

The defect of the melatonin signaling pathway has been proposed to be one of the key etiopathogenic factors in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). A previous report showed that melatonin receptor, MT2, was undetectable in some AIS girls. The present study aimed to investigate whether the abnormal MT2 expression in AIS is quantitative or qualitative.

Quantitative ultrasound for predicting curve progression in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a prospective cohort study of 294 cases followed-up beyond skeletal maturity.

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is prevalent among adolescents and can carry significant morbidities. We evaluated the use of quantitative ultrasound (QUS) for predicting curve progression in patients with AIS. We recruited 294 girls with AIS at a mean age of 13.

Abnormal skeletal growth patterns in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis--a longitudinal study until skeletal maturity.

Study Design: A cross-sectional and prospective longitudinal study on the anthropometric parameters and growth pattern of girls with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).

Objective: To investigate the growth pattern of girls with AIS with different severities, using cross-sectional and prospective longitudinal data set in comparison with age-matched healthy controls.

Summary Of Background Data: AIS occurs in children during their pubertal growth spurt.

Genetic epidemiology and heritability of AIS: A study of 415 Chinese female patients.

Recent familial segregation studies supported a multifactorial genetic model for the etiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). However, the extent of quantitative genetic effects, such as heritability, have not been fully evaluated. This genetic epidemiology study examined the sibling recurrent risk and heritability of AIS in first-degree relatives of 415 Chinese female patients, which is up to now the largest cohort.

Abnormal leptin bioavailability in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: an important new finding.

Study Design: This was a cross-sectional study.

Objective: The present study aimed to explore the differences in leptin bioavailability between adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) and healthy age-matched girls in a Chinese Han population.

Summary Of Background Data: AIS is a common spinal deformity mainly occurring in girls during the peripubertal period.

Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound enhances posterior spinal fusion implanted with mesenchymal stem cells-calcium phosphate composite without bone grafting.

Study Design: Experimental study on the effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) on rabbit spinal fusion with mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived osteogenic cells and bioceramic composite.

Objective: To investigate the efficacy of LIPUS in enhancing fusion rate and bone formation with porous tricalcium phosphate (TCP) bioceramic scaffold impregnated with MSCs without any bone grafts.

Summary Of Background Data: The goal of spinal fusion in the corrective spinal surgery for spinal deformities is to achieve solid bony fusion between selected vertebral segments.

Abnormal bone quality in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a case-control study on 635 subjects and 269 normal controls with bone densitometry and quantitative ultrasound.

Study Design: A case-control study comparing bone quality in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) with normal controls.

Objective: To evaluate bone quality with quantitative ultrasound (QUS) in AIS and normal controls so as to detect any derangement in bone quality among AIS subjects.

Summary Of Background Data: AIS is characterized by complex spinal deformities.

Top theories for the etiopathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

Background: Despite considerable advances in the past few decades, there is no generally accepted "top theory or theories" of the etiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). This article aims to provide an overview of the current main hypothetical "concepts" on the etiopathogenesis of AIS.

Methods: An extensive literature review on hypothetical concepts on the etiology and etiopathogenesis of AIS.

The association of disproportionate skeletal growth and abnormal radius dimension ratio with curve severity in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

Abnormal anthropometric measurements during the peripubertal growth spurt have been documented in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging studies of the spine have suggested a disproportionate endochondral and membranous ossification in AIS. The present study aimed at investigating whether disproportional ossification and skeletal growth occurred in the peripheral bone of AIS patients using the radius as the target bone.

[The thoracic spine morphology under magnetic resonance imaging in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and its clinical significance].

Objectives: To evaluate and compare thoracic vertebrae morphology between patients with idiopathic and normal adolescents through MRI.

Methods: Two-dimensional sagittal MRI of the spine was performed in 10 normal adolescent, 10 patients with mild idiopathic thoracic scoliosis (Cobb angle 15 degrees - 39 degrees ) and 10 patients with moderate thoracic scoliosis (Cobb angle 40 degrees - 75 degrees ), all of them were female and between 13 - 14 years old. Sagittal imaging was reconstructed on image working station (Easy Vision, Philips Medical Systems, Best, Netherlands).

Trabecular bone micro-architecture and bone mineral density in adolescent idiopathic and congenital scoliosis.

Objective: To investigate the microstructure of trabecular bone in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) and age-matched congenital scoliosis (CS), and to evaluate the bone mineral status of CS patients compared with normal controls and AIS patients.

Methods: This study included 15 AIS and 16 CS female patients and 35 healthy female adolescents. Corrective surgery was indicated for the AIS and CS patients, from whom iliac crest biopsies were collected during autograft harvesting, and scanned by micro-computer tomography.

Lack of association between the promoter polymorphism of the MTNR1A gene and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

Study Design: A genetic association study to investigate variation of the melatonin receptor 1A (MTNR1A) gene in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients.

Objective: To determine whether the MTNR1A gene promoter polymorphism is associated with the predisposition and/or disease severity of AIS.

Summary Of Background Data: An involvement of the dysfunction of the melatonin pathway in the etiopathogenesis of AIS has been implicated in several studies.

[Effect of genetic polymorphism of MTNR1A gene on adolescent idiopathic scoliosis].

Objective: To investigate whether the MTNR1A gene promotor polymorphism (rs2119882) are associated with the occurrence or curve severity of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).

Methods: 226 AIS patients and 277 normal controls were recruited. The maximum Cobb angles were recorded in AIS patients.

Melatonin receptor 1B (MTNR1B) gene polymorphism is associated with the occurrence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

Study Design: A genetic association study to comprehensively investigate variations of melatonin receptor 1B gene polymorphism by a set of tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (tagSNPs) derived from the International Hapmap project.

Objectives: To determine whether melatonin receptor 1B (MTNR1B) gene polymorphisms are associated with the predisposition and/or disease severity of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).

Summary Of Background Data: Linkage studies suggested a genetic predisposition for AIS.

Genetic association of complex traits: using idiopathic scoliosis as an example.

Although the exact etiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is still undefined, genetic factors play an important role. Some patients have familial genetic disease that appears to have an autosomal dominant pattern. Linkage studies of these families revealed multiple potential genetic loci that may predispose individuals to the condition.

Genetic association study of growth hormone receptor and idiopathic scoliosis.

Although the etiology of scoliosis is multifactorial, genetic factors play an important role. Recent linkage studies on familial idiopathic scoliosis revealed multiple putative predisposition loci. A genetic association study is complementary to linkage studies in defining the genetic basis of complex traits of diseases like idiopathic scoliosis.

Histomorphometric study of the spinal growth plates in idiopathic scoliosis and congenital scoliosis.

Background: Previous studies have suggested that the relative anterior spinal overgrowth may play an important role in the etiopathogenesis of spinal deformity in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Little is known about the histomorphometry of the anterior and posterior spinal growth plates.

Methods: In the present study, the growth plates from the anterior and posterior column of the spine of the AIS (n = 9) and the congenital scoliosis (CS; n = 9) were harvested intraoperatively.

A relook into the association of the estrogen receptor [alpha] gene (PvuII, XbaI) and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a study of 540 Chinese cases.

Study Design: A genetic association study of estrogen receptor-[alpha] gene (ESR1) with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) in Chinese.

Objectives: To investigate whether: 1) PvuII and XbaI polymorphisms in ESR1 are predisposition factor for AIS and 2) these polymorphisms correlate with the severity of curvature in AIS.

Summary Of Background Data: A common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in ESR1 (XbaI) was found to be associated with curve severity in Japanese AIS patients recently.

Novel approach for quantification of porosity for biomaterial implants using microcomputed tomography (microCT).

Porous bioceramics have been widely investigated in orthopaedic tissue engineering. Attention has been given to manufacturing of a porous bioceramic that mimics the trabecular bone structure for proper bone regeneration. With the advance of biomedical imaging through microcomputed tomography (microCT), this study attempted to quantify the pore structure of different bioceramics.

[Trabecular bone micro-architecture in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis compared between concave and convex site of the facet joints].

Objective: To evaluate the trabecular bone micro-structure from different sites of spine in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients. The target site consisted of the bilateral facet joints from apical vertebrae and from end vertebrae.

Methods: Nine AIS patients with mean age 14.

Phytoestrogen-rich herb formula "XLGB" prevents OVX-induced deterioration of musculoskeletal tissues at the hip in old rats.

This study investigated a phytoestrogen-rich herb formula, Xianlinggubao (XLGB) (including genistein 510 microg/g and daidzein 2500 microg/g), concerning prevention of OVX-induced deterioration of musculoskeletal tissues in 11-month-old female Wistar rats, which were randomized into Sham, OVX, and XLGB groups. Daily oral administration of XLGB (250 mg/kg/day) started after OVX for 3 months. mRNA of MHC-I IIa IIb of abductor muscle was determined by RT-PCR.