In Vitro Effects of Paclitaxel and Cremophor EL on Human Riboflavin Transporter SLC52A2.

Paclitaxel, a mitotic inhibitor with anti-cancer effects, is dissolved in Cremophor EL (CrEL). However, peripheral neuropathy is a known side effect. As one of the mechanisms of the neuropathy, mitochondrial dysfunction has been proposed, while peroxidation products are involved in the cause of CrEL-induced neurotoxicity.

Biphasic cuirass ventilation for treatment of an air leak after pneumothorax in a patient with nemaline myopathy: a case report.

We describe an 11-year-old boy with nemaline myopathy who developed tension pneumothorax while undergoing noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV). The patient developed a persistent air leak after pleurodesis with minocycline hydrochloride and lowering of the NIPPV inspiratory pressure. He required additional respiratory support without the high airway pressures that may aggravate pneumothorax.

Postnatal interleukin-1β enhances adulthood seizure susceptibility and neuronal cell death after prolonged experimental febrile seizures in infantile rats.

Febrile seizures (FS) are recognized as an antecedent to the development of temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (TLE-HS), but it is unclear whether prolonged FS are a direct cause of TLE-HS. Here, we used a rat model of infantile FS to study the effects of inflammatory cytokines on seizure susceptibility and neuronal death in adults. Prolonged hyperthermia-induced seizures (pHS) were induced in male Lewis rats at post natal day (P) 10.

Anticonvulsive effect of paeoniflorin on experimental febrile seizures in immature rats: possible application for febrile seizures in children.

Febrile seizures (FS) is the most common convulsive disorder in children, but there have been no clinical and experimental studies of the possible treatment of FS with herbal medicines, which are widely used in Asian countries. Paeoniflorin (PF) is a major bioactive component of Radix Paeoniae alba, and PF-containing herbal medicines have been used for neuromuscular, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, we analyzed the anticonvulsive effect of PF and Keishikashakuyaku-to (KS; a PF-containing herbal medicine) for hyperthermia-induced seizures in immature rats as a model of human FS.

Activation of central adenosine A(2A) receptors lowers the seizure threshold of hyperthermia-induced seizure in childhood rats.

Adenosine is a potent neuromodulator in the central nervous system (CNS). The functional deterioration of adenosine A(1) receptors in the CNS was reported to cause a failure of termination of seizures and to a lower seizure threshold of hyperthermia-induced seizures (HS) in childhood rats, which may contribute to adenosine-related convulsive disorders such as theophylline-associated seizures in childhood patients. In contrast to the inhibitory effect of adenosine A(1) receptors, the function of adenosine A(2A) receptors remains controversial.

Nonketotic hyperglycinemia: proposal of a diagnostic and treatment strategy.

Early myoclonic encephalopathy presents neonatally with fragmented myoclonus and a suppression-burst electroencephalography pattern. We describe a newborn boy with early myoclonic encephalopathy caused by nonketotic hyperglycinemia. He presented with severe hypotonia, progressive apneic episodes, and erratic myoclonus.

Adenosine A1 receptor blockage mediates theophylline-associated seizures.

Theophylline-associated seizures (TAS) often progress to prolonged or treatment-resistant convulsions. Theophylline is a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist. Adenosine is an endogenous anticonvulsant that can terminate seizures.

Beta-hydroxybutyrate alters GABA-transaminase activity in cultured astrocytes.

The ketogenic diet has long been recognized as an effective treatment for medically refractory epilepsy. Despite nearly a century of use, the mechanisms underlying its clinical efficacy remain unknown. One of the proposed hypotheses for its anti-epileptic actions involves increased GABA concentration in the brain due to ketone bodies that become elevated with a ketogenic diet.

Interleukin-1beta enhances susceptibility to hyperthermia-induced seizures in developing rats.

Cytokines have been shown to influence susceptibility to febrile seizures and epilepsy. In this study, the role of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) was examined in developing rats. IL-1beta and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) were administered to developing rats, and seizures were induced by moist warm air.