PolyE-IL Is an Efficient and Recyclable Homogeneous Catalyst for the Synthesis of 5-Hydroxymethyl Furfural in a Green Solvent.

5-Hydroxymethyl furfural (5-HMF) is a potential platform molecule with multidimensional applications and can be produced from biomass-based hexose sugars. In the present article, polyethyleneimine (PEI)-functionalized polymeric Bronsted acid ionic liquid (PolyE-IL) catalyst has been explored for fructose dehydration in the presence of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) as a green and low-boiling-point (LBP) organic solvent. The use of homogeneous PolyE-IL catalyst provides several specific advantages in terms of high yield, conversion, selectivity, ease of catalyst separation, recycle and reuse, and so forth.

A polymeric Brønsted acid ionic liquid mediated liquefaction of municipal solid waste.

The rapid industrialization and population explosion continuously generate massive amounts of municipal waste. Several conventional processes are in practice for the treatment of municipal waste, but the requirement of stringent operating conditions, incomplete conversion, longer processing time and emission of toxic gases, etc., are the major associated barriers.

BAILs mediated Catalytic Thermo Liquefaction (CTL) process to convert municipal solid waste into carbon densified liquid (CTL-Oil).

Continual increase in municipal solid waste (MSW) posing global environmental challenge which directed focus towards the waste to energy to achieve dual goal of waste minimization and energy generation. The present manuscript introducing Bronsted acid ionic liquids (BAILs) mediated Catalytic Thermo Liquefaction (CTL) process for conversion of MSW into carbon densified liquid (CTL-Oil) which can be used for multiple energy and fuel applications. BAILs with different counter ions were synthesized and tested for CTL of wet organic biodegradable MSW.

A sustainable approach towards the three-component synthesis of unsubstituted 1imidazoles in the water at ambient conditions.

A green protocol for the synthesis of unsubstituted imidazoles has been demonstrated herein. The reaction is realized using commercially available lipase enzyme, porcine pancreas lipase (PPL) in water. The reaction conditions are selective and mild which helped to tolerate a wide variety of functional groups to give the desired products in good chemical yields.

Thyroid stimulating hormone β-subunit splice variant is expressed in all fractional subsets of bone marrow hematopoietic cells and peripheral blood leukocytes and is modulated during bacterial infection.

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), a hormone produced in the anterior pituitary, is used to regulate thyroid hormone secretion. It has been known for over three decades that TSH is made by the cells of the immune system; however, the functional role of immune system TSH is unclear. We previously demonstrated that an alternatively-spliced isoform of TSHβ, referred to as the TSHβ splice variant (TSHβv), is the primary form of TSHβ made by hematopoietic cells in mice and humans.

Does acute heat stress differentially-modulate expression of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors in the RVLM of young and aged F344 rats?

The rostral ventral lateral medulla (RVLM) is a brainstem area that plays a role in regulating numerous physiological systems, especially their responsiveness to acute stress. Aging affects the responsiveness of RVLM neural circuits to acute stress. Based on the relationship between ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors in the RVLM and the physiological functions mediated via activation of these receptors, we hypothesized that in response to acute heat stress the expression of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors in the RVLM of aged rats would be characterized by upregulation of inhibitory subunits and downregulation of excitatory subunits.

Microarray analysis of aging-associated immune system alterations in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of F344 rats.

The rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) is an area of the brain stem that contains diverse neural substrates that are involved in systems critical for physiological function. There is evidence that aging affects some neural substrates within the RVLM, although age-related changes in RVLM molecular mechanisms are not well established. The goal of the present study was to characterize the transcriptomic profile of the aging RVLM and to test the hypothesis that aging is associated with altered gene expression in the RVLM, with an emphasis on immune system associated gene transcripts.

Does aging alter the molecular substrate of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors in the rostral ventral lateral medulla? - A short communication.

Aging alters sympathetic nervous system (SNS) regulation, although central mechanisms are not well understood. In young rats the rostral ventral lateral medulla (RVLM) is critically involved in central SNS regulation and RVLM neuronal activity is mediated by a balance of excitatory and inhibitory ionotropic neurotransmitters and receptors, providing the foundation for hypothesizing that with advanced age the molecular substrate of RVLM ionotropic receptors is characterized by upregulated excitatory and downregulated inhibitory receptor subunits. This hypothesis was tested by comparing the relative mRNA expression and protein concentration of RVLM excitatory (NMDA and AMPA) and inhibitory (GABA and glycinergic) ionotropic neurotransmitter receptor subunits in young and aged Fischer (F344) rats.

Effect of ghrelin on regulation of splenic sympathetic nerve discharge.

Ghrelin influences immune system function and modulates the sympathetic nervous system; however, the contribution of ghrelin to neural-immune interactions is not well-established because the effect of ghrelin on splenic sympathetic nerve discharge (SND) is not known. This study tested the hypothesis that central ghrelin administration would inhibit splenic SND in anesthetized rats. Rats received intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of ghrelin (1nmol/kg) or aCSF.

Differential Expression of Th1- and Th2- Type Cytokines in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Murrah Buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis) on TLR2 Induction by B. Subtilis Peptidoglycan.

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) discriminate microbial pathogens and induce T-cell responses of appropriate effector phenotype accordingly. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), in part, mediate this microbial recognition and differentiation while the development of T-cell effector functions critically depends on the release of Th1- or Th2- type cytokines. In the present study, buffalo PBMCs were stimulated under in vitro culture conditions by Bacillus subtilis cell wall petidoglycan, a TLR2 ligand, in a dose-and time- dependent manner.