Causes and patterns of spine trauma in children and adolescents in Saudi Arabia: implications for injury prevention.

Background And Objectives: Knowledge regarding traumatic spine injuries (TSIs) is essential for effective prevention strategies, particularly in the developing world, where majority of the population is younger and organized prevention programs are scarce. Therefore, our objective was to describe TSI mechanisms, demographics, patterns, and outcomes in children and adolescents.

Design And Settings: Retrospective chart review in a major trauma center from May 2001 to May 2009 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Biotin-responsive basal ganglia disease should be renamed biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease: a retrospective review of the clinical, radiological and molecular findings of 18 new cases.

Background: Biotin-responsive basal ganglia disease (BBGD) is an autosomal recessive neurometabolic disorder. It is characterized by sub acute encephalopathy with confusion, seizure, dysarthria and dystonia following a history of febrile illness. If left untreated with biotin, the disease can progress to severe quadriparesis and even death.