Efficacy and safety of a therapeutic apparatus using hydrogen peroxide photolysis to treat dental and periodontal infectious diseases.

The present study aimed to evaluate the acute locally injurious property of our most current hydroxyl radical generation system by hydrogen peroxide (HO) photolysis. This system, which releases 3% HO with a 405-nm laser, was developed in our laboratory for the treatment of dental and periodontal infectious diseases. First, the hydroxyl radical yield generated by HO photolysis was examined by applying an electron spin resonance-spin trapping technique.

Bactericidal Activity and Mechanism of Photoirradiated Polyphenols against Gram-Positive and -Negative Bacteria.

The bactericidal effect of various types of photoirradiated polyphenols against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria was evaluated in relation to the mode of action. Gram-positive bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus mutans) and Gram-negative bacteria (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) suspended in a 1 mg/mL polyphenol aqueous solution (caffeic acid, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, epigallocatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, and proanthocyanidin) were exposed to LED light (wavelength, 400 nm; irradiance, 260 mW/cm(2)) for 5 or 10 min. Caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid exerted the highest bactericidal activity followed by gallic acid and proanthocyanidin against both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria.

Synergistic interaction between wavelength of light and concentration of H₂O₂ in bactericidal activity of photolysis of H₂O₂.

The present study aimed to evaluate the interaction between wavelength of light in the range of ultra violet A-visible and concentration of H2O2 in the reaction of photolysis of H2O2 from the point of view of hydroxyl radical (·OH) generation and the bactericidal activity. Light emitting diodes (LEDs) emitting the light at wavelengths of 365, 385, 400 and 465 nm were used at an irradiance of 1000 mW/cm(2). H2O2 was used at the final concentrations of 0, 250, 500, and 1000 mM.

In vitro evaluation of the risk of inducing bacterial resistance to disinfection treatment with photolysis of hydrogen peroxide.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the risk of inducing bacterial resistance to disinfection treatment with photolysis of H2O2 and comparing this with existing antibacterial agents. We tested seven antibacterial agents, including amoxicillin, cefepime hydrochloride, erythromycin, ofloxacin, clindamycin hydrochloride, ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, and minocycline hydrochloride, as positive controls for validation of the assay protocol. For all of the agents tested, at least one of the four bacterial species (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus salivarius) was resistant to these agents by repeated exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of the agents up to 10 times.

Postantibiotic effect of disinfection treatment by photolysis of hydrogen peroxide.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the postantibiotic effect (PAE) of the disinfection treatment by photolysis of H2O2. Postantibiotic effect was induced in Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus salivarius by exposing the bacteria to H2O2 at concentrations of 250-1000 mmol/l, laser irradiation at a wavelength of 405 nm, and the combination of both (photolysis of H2O2) for 10-30 seconds. The photolysis of H2O2 induced significantly longer PAE than other treatments.

Synergistic effect of proanthocyanidin on the bactericidal action of the photolysis of H2O2.

The in vitro antibacterial activity of the hydroxyl radical generation system by the photolysis of H2O2 in combination with proanthocyanidin, which refers to a group of polyphenolic compounds, was examined. Bactericidal activity of photo-irradiated H2O2 at 405 nm against Streptococcus mutans, a major pathogen of dental caries, was augmented in the presence of proanthocyanidin, whose bactericidal effect by itself was very poor, in a concentration-dependent manner. This combination was also proven effective against Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major pathogen of periodontitis.

In vitro bactericidal activity of photo-irradiated oxydol products via hydroxyl radical generation.

The oxidative power of hydroxyl radicals has been applied to disinfection systems for the purpose of oral hygiene by utilizing blue light-induced photolysis of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in our laboratory. In the present study, the bactericidal potential of blue light-irradiated oxydol products via hydroxyl radical generation was compared with that of 3% (w/v) H₂O₂. Eleven commercially available oxydol products were used in the present study.

Photo-irradiation of proanthocyanidin as a new disinfection technique via reactive oxygen species formation.

In the present study, the bactericidal effect of photo-irradiated proanthocyanidin was evaluated in relation to reactive oxygen species formation. Staphylococcus aureus suspended in proanthocyanidin aqueous solution was irradiated with light from a laser at 405 nm. The bactericidal effect of photo-irradiated proanthocyanidin depended on the concentration of proanthocyanidin, the laser irradiation time, and the laser output power.

Corrosive effect of disinfection solution containing hydroxyl radicals generated by photolysis of H(2)O(2) on dental metals.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the corrosive effect of disinfection solution containing hydroxyl radicals generated by photolysis of H(2)O(2)on dental metals. Static immersion test was performed on four different dental metals: Ti, Type 316L stainless steel, Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy, and Co-Cr alloy. Metal specimens were immersed in 1 M H(2)O(2)(=3.

Bactericidal action of photoirradiated gallic acid via reactive oxygen species formation.

It is known that gallic acid shows antimicrobial activity. In the present study, photoirradiation induced reactive oxygen species formation was investigated for augmentation of the antimicrobial activity of gallic acid. Staphylococcus aureus suspended in 4 mmol/L gallic acid was exposed to blue light of a LED at 400 nm.

Literature review of the role of hydroxyl radicals in chemically-induced mutagenicity and carcinogenicity for the risk assessment of a disinfection system utilizing photolysis of hydrogen peroxide.

We have developed a new disinfection system for oral hygiene, proving that hydroxyl radicals generated by the photolysis of 1 M hydrogen peroxide could effectively kill oral pathogenic microorganisms. Prior to any clinical testing, the safety of the system especially in terms of the risk of carcinogenicity is examined by reviewing the literature. Previous studies have investigated indirectly the kinds of reactive oxygen species involved in some sort of chemically-induced mutagenicity in vitro by using reactive oxygen species scavengers, suggesting the possible involvement of hydroxyl radicals.

Novel denture-cleaning system based on hydroxyl radical disinfection.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a new denture-cleaning device using hydroxyl radicals generated from photolysis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Electron spin resonance analysis demonstrated that the yield of hydroxyl radicals increased with the concentration of H2O2 and light irradiation time. Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and methicillin-resistant S aureus were killed within 10 minutes with a > 5-log reduction when treated with photolysis of 500 mM H2O2; Candida albicans was killed within 30 minutes with a > 4-log reduction with photolysis of 1,000 mM H2O2.

Bactericidal action of photogenerated singlet oxygen from photosensitizers used in plaque disclosing agents.

Background: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been suggested as an efficient clinical approach for the treatment of dental plaque in the field of dental care. In PDT, once the photosensitizer is irradiated with light of a specific wavelength, it transfers the excitation energy to molecular oxygen, which gives rise to singlet oxygen.

Methodology/principal Findings: Since plaque disclosing agents usually contain photosensitizers such as rose bengal, erythrosine, and phloxine, they could be used for PTD upon photoactivation.

Synergistic effect of thermal energy on bactericidal action of photolysis of H₂O₂ in relation to acceleration of hydroxyl radical generation.

The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the effect of thermal energy on the yield of and the bactericidal action of hydroxyl radical generated by photolysis of H(2)O(2). Different concentrations of H(2)O(2) (250, 500, 750, and 1,000 mM) were irradiated with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) at a wavelength of 400 ± 20 nm at 25°C to generate hydroxyl radical. The 500 mM H(2)O(2) was irradiated with the LEDs at different temperatures (25, 35, 45, and 55°C).

Reevaluation of analytical methods for photogenerated singlet oxygen.

The aim of the present study is to compare different analytical methods for singlet oxygen and to discuss an appropriate way to evaluate the yield of singlet oxygen photogenerated from photosensitizers. Singlet oxygen photogenerated from rose bengal was evaluated by electron spin resonance analysis using sterically hindered amines, spectrophotometric analysis of 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran oxidation, and analysis of fluorescent probe (Singlet Oxygen Sensor Green®). All of the analytical methods could evaluate the relative yield of singlet oxygen.

Photolysis of hydrogen peroxide, an effective disinfection system via hydroxyl radical formation.

The relationship between the amount of hydroxyl radicals generated by photolysis of H(2)O(2) and bactericidal activity was examined. H(2)O(2) (1 M) was irradiated with laser light at a wavelength of 405 nm to generate hydroxyl radicals. Electron spin resonance spin trapping analysis showed that the amount of hydroxyl radicals produced increased with the irradiation time.

A retrospective study of fixed dental prostheses without regular maintenance.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate survival rate and the reasons of failure of fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) without having regular maintenance in a long-term after insertion.

Materials And Methods: The subjects were 55 patients (69 FDPs, 142 abutment teeth) who had received no regular maintenance after insertion of FDPs at the Prosthodontic Clinic, Tohoku University Dental Hospital in Japan from 1983 to 1989. Extraction of abutment teeth or removal of FDPs was considered as failure.

[A review of clinical follow-up studies focusing on pretreatment conditions of abutment and clinical examination parameters].

Purpose: When patients have their teeth taken care of, one of their biggest concerns is how long the solution will last. Studies on the longevity or prognosis of bridges published so far have mainly reported on the evaluation of the survival rate for each kind of bridge. We believe that abutments need to be researched more carefully and clinically in the future.