Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder secondary to treatment with anti-PD-1 antibody nivolumab: the first report.

Background: Immune checkpoint blockade is developed as standard treatment for non-small cell lung cancer. However immune-related adverse events (irAE) have still unknown complications. Here, we report a patient with lung squamous cell carcinoma who developed neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder with nivolumab.

Two cases of hard metal lung disease showing gradual improvement in pulmonary function after avoiding dust exposure.

We present herein two cases of hard metal lung disease (HMLD) with distinct pathological findings. Both cases showed gradual improvements in pulmonary function over a period of a few years (Case 1: 30 months; Case 2: 12 months) after the avoidance of dust exposure, while improvements on high-resolution computed tomography were modest. The increased lymphocytes and decreased CD4/CD8 ratio in BALF observed at initial diagnosis normalized after the avoidance of dust exposure in one case.