The Privacy Consciousness of Undergraduate Students: Comparison Between Turkey and Japan.

Aim: This study was designed to compare the privacy consciousness of undergraduate students in Turkey and Japan.

Method: A comparative cross-sectional study was carried out. First-year undergraduate students at a university in Turkey (n = 235) and a university in Japan (n = 242) voluntarily participated in the study.

Comparison of privacy consciousness between Japanese and Taiwanese.

This study compared privacy consciousness between Japanese (n = 211) and Taiwanese (n = 308) high school students, who responded to the Privacy Consciousness Scale. Results indicated that Taiwanese students had higher privacy consciousness for the self and others than Japanese students.

The effects of acute stress and perceptual load on distractor interference.

Selective attention can be improved under conditions in which a high perceptual load is assumed to exhaust cognitive resources, leaving scarce resources for distractor processing. The present study examined whether perceptual load and acute stress share common attentional resources by manipulating perceptual and stress loads. Participants identified a target within an array of nontargets that were flanked by compatible or incompatible distractors.

Assessing acute stress with the Implicit Association Test.

Assessments of acute stress using self-report questionnaires can be biased by various factors, including social desirability. The present study used a bias-free method, the Implicit Association Test (IAT), to assess stress. Unlike a previous study (Schmukle & Egloff, 2004) in which acute stress was not detected with the IAT, this study manipulated stress by generating test anxiety and threatening self-esteem.

Selective bias in retrospective self-reports of negative mood states.

Retrospective self-report questionnaires of negative mood states experienced in the past (e.g., the most recent two weeks) tend to be exaggerated in a negative direction relative to the average ratings given to the moods contemporaneously.

[Effects of mere exposure on category evaluation measured by the IAT and the GNAT].

Based on mere exposure studies, we proposed that repeated exposure to stimuli belonging to a common category leads to a positive evaluation of that category. Furthermore, to investigate the implicit effects of mere exposure, indirect measures were used. In a series of experiments, participants were repeatedly exposed to mimetic words written in Japanese hiragana or katakana, or nothing (control).

[The images of Japanese onomatopoeia: a comparison of ratings using the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and the semantic differential method].

Images of "seion" (unvoiced sound), "dakuon" (voiced sound), and "handakuon" (semi-voiced sound) in Japanese onomatopoeia were investigated by using two methods: the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and the semantic differential (SD). Undergraduate students (n=25) completed the six kinds of IATs and SD questionnaires related to the images. The results indicated that "dakuon" was evaluated as being more dynamic and heavier, and "seion" and "handakuon" were evaluated as being more static and lighter by both the IAT and SD methods.

[Self-disclosure on the Internet: the effects of anonymity of the self and the other].

The effects of anonymity on self-disclosure were investigated in a CMC (computer-mediated communication) situation by separately manipulating the anonymity of the self and the other. It was hypothesized that anonymity of the self would enhance disclosure, whereas anonymity of the other would decrease it. Female undergraduate students (n = 60) were randomly assigned to a 2 (self: anonymous or non-anonymous) x 2 (other: anonymous or non-anonymous) experimental design.