Two new hybrids of the genus (Athyriaceae) from Japan.

In this study, we describe the ferns Diplazium × kanayamaense hyb. nov. and D.

Convergence, Consilience, and the Evolution of Temperate Deciduous Forests.

The deciduous habit of northern temperate trees and shrubs provides one of the most obvious examples of convergent evolution, but how did it evolve? Hypotheses based on the fossil record posit that deciduousness evolved first in response to drought or darkness and preadapted certain lineages as cold climates spread. An alternative is that evergreens first established in freezing environments and later evolved the deciduous habit. We monitored phenological patterns of 20 species of Viburnum spanning tropical, lucidophyllous (subtropical montane and warm temperate), and cool temperate Asian forests.

A water-soluble iridium(III) porphyrin.

This work reports the synthesis and characterization of the first water-soluble iridium porphyrin, iridium(iii) diaqua porphyrin [Ir(III)(TSPP)(OH(2))(2)](3-) (1, TSPP = tetra-p-sulfonatophenyl porphyrin). The structure of 1 was unequivocally determined by single crystal X-ray analysis. Benzo-18-crown-6-ether is essential for producing single crystals suitable for X-ray analysis.

Isolation and crystal structures of both enol and keto tautomer intermediates in a hydration of an alkyne-carboxylic acid ester catalyzed by iridium complexes in water.

Hydration of tetrolic acid ethyl ester as an alkyne-carboxylic acid ester catalyzed by an Ir-aqua complex [Ir(III)Cp*(bpy)(OH2)]2+ (1, Cp* = eta5-C5Me5, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) in water provides ethyl acetoacetate as a beta-keto acid ester. We report the successful isolation of both an Ir-enol tautomer intermediate [IrIIICp*(bpy){CH3C(OH)=CC(O)OC2H5}]+ (2) and an Ir-keto tautomer intermediate [Ir(III)Cp*(bpy){CH3C(O)CHC(O)OC2H5}]+ (3) in the catalytic hydration by optimizing the conditions of the isolation, such as pH of the solution, reaction time, and selection of counteranions. The structures of the enol and keto complexes with characteristic Ir-(sp2carbon) bond and Ir-(sp3 carbon) bond, respectively, were unequivocally determined by X-ray analysis, IR, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and NMR studies including 1H, 13C, distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) and correlation spectroscopy (COSY) experiments.