Hyperperfusion in the cerebellum lobule VIIb in patients with epileptic seizures.

Background: The cerebellum plays an important role in motor control, however, its involvement in epilepsy has not been fully understood. Arterial spin labelling perfusion magnetic resonance image (ASL) is a noninvasive method to evaluate cerebral and cerebellar blood flow. We investigated cerebellar perfusion in patients with epileptic seizures using ASL.

Hemicrania Continua Subsequent to Vertebral Artery Dissection: A Case Report.

We herein report the case of a 45-year-old woman who developed a continuous hemicranial headache subsequent to vertebral artery dissection (VAD). After remission of VAD, the patient repeatedly experienced right forehead and temporal region throbbing headache, accompanied by nausea, ocular hyperemia and lacrimation of the right eye, nasal congestion, and rhinorrhea. Magnetic resonance angiography did not reveal the recurrence of dissection.

Suvorexant for the treatment of primary insomnia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Suvorexant is a dual orexin receptor agonist and is currently approved for the treatment of insomnia in the United States and Japan. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the efficacy and safety of suvorexant for the treatment of primary insomnia. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane central register of controlled trials, contacted a relevant pharmaceutical company, and accessed websites of the U.

Suvorexant-Induced Dream Enactment Behavior in Parkinson Disease: A Case Report.

Suvorexant is a new insomnia drug, and it is generally safe and well tolerated. Here, we report a rare but potentially important adverse effect of suvorexant in a patient with Parkinson disease.

Mogrol Derived from Siraitia grosvenorii Mogrosides Suppresses 3T3-L1 Adipocyte Differentiation by Reducing cAMP-Response Element-Binding Protein Phosphorylation and Increasing AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphorylation.

This study investigated the effects of mogrol, an aglycone of mogrosides from Siraitia grosvenorii, on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Mogrol, but not mogrosides, suppressed triglyceride accumulation by affecting early (days 0-2) and late (days 4-8), but not middle (days 2-4), differentiation stages. At the late stage, mogrol increased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation and reduced glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity.

Cerebral Air Embolism with Pneumomediastinum Resulting from Emesis: A Case Report.

Cerebral air embolism (CAE) is a rare cause of stroke. Most cerebral air emboli are caused by iatrogenic factors, such as invasive cardiac and pulmonary procedures. Here, we report an unusual case of CAE not related to any medical intervention.

Initiation of the optokinetic response (OKR) in mice.

To study the initial part of the mouse optokinetic response, OKR (approximately 500 ms from the onset of visual stimulus motion), we recorded the ocular response to a vertical sinusoidal grating moving at a constant velocity. We found that the magnitude of the response monotonically increased as the stimulus contrast increased. The response showed a narrow band-pass property for the spatiotemporal frequency, with the largest sustained response observed at 0.

The effects of prolonged viewing of motion on short-latency ocular following responses.

The adaptive effects of prolonged viewing of conditioning motion on ocular following responses (OFRs) elicited by brief test motion of a random-dot pattern were studied in humans. We found that the OFRs were significantly reduced when the directions of the conditioning and test motions were the same. The effect of conditioning motion was still observed when the speeds of the conditioning and test motions did not match.

Eye movements in response to dichoptic motion: evidence for a parallel-hierarchical structure of visual motion processing in primates.

Brief movements of a large-field visual stimulus elicit short-latency tracking eye movements termed "ocular following responses" (OFRs). To address the question of whether OFRs can be elicited by purely binocular motion signals in the absence of monocular motion cues, we measured OFRs from monkeys using dichoptic motion stimuli, the monocular inputs of which were flickering gratings in spatiotemporal quadrature, and compared them with OFRs to standard motion stimuli including monocular motion cues. Dichoptic motion did elicit OFRs, although with longer latencies and smaller amplitudes.

Trial-by-trial updating of the gain in preparation for smooth pursuit eye movement based on past experience in humans.

To understand how the CNS uses past experiences to generate movements that accommodate minute-by-minute environmental changes, we studied the trial-by-trial updating of the gain for initiating smooth pursuit eye movements and how this relates to the history of previous trials. Ocular responses in humans elicited by a small perturbing motion presented 300 ms after appearance of a target were used as a measure of the gain of visuomotor transmission. After the perturbation, the target was either moved horizontally (pursuit trial) or remained in a stationary position (fixation trial).

Preparatory gain modulation of visuomotor transmission for smooth pursuit eye movements in monkeys.

It has been reported that the visuomotor processing underlying the initiation of smooth pursuit eye movement is modulated in relation to the recent experience of eye movements: the initial pursuit eye velocity is larger after experiencing repeated pursuits than saccades. To assess which parameters of the previously executed pursuits play an essential role in modulating the gain of visuomotor transmission, we recorded the ocular responses of monkeys to a brief perturbing motion of the tracking target injected before the start of the eye movements. First, we compared the perturbation responses among the blocks in which the duration of executing pursuit was varied.

The effects of preceding moving stimuli on the initial part of smooth pursuit eye movement.

We examined whether there are any adaptive effects on the pursuit initiation after a prolonged exposure to moving visual stimuli. The eye movements of six human subjects were recorded with the scleral search-coil technique or a Dual Purkinje Image Eye-tracker system. A random-dot image appeared on a CRT monitor and moved coherently in one direction (rightward or leftward) at 10 deg/s for 4 s, while the subject fixated on a stationary target (conditioning stimulus).

The visual motion detectors underlying ocular following responses in monkeys.

Psychophysical evidence indicates that visual motion can be sensed by low-level (energy-based) and high-level (feature-based) mechanisms. The present experiments were undertaken to determine which of these mechanisms mediates the initial ocular following response (OFR) that can be elicited at ultra-short latencies by sudden motion of large-field images. We used the methodology of Sheliga, Chen, Fitzgibbon, and Miles (Initial ocular following in humans: A response to first-order motion energy.

Anticipatory gain modulation in preparation for smooth pursuit eye movements.

We studied the effect of the probability of required tracking on the gain of visuomotor transmission for pursuit initiation in monkeys. We recorded the ocular responses to a brief movement (perturbation) of a target located at an eccentric position from the central fixation spot. As soon as the central fixation spot went off, the animal was required to make a saccade to the target if it remained stationary or to track if it moved.

A model of smooth pursuit in primates based on learning the target dynamics.

While the predictive nature of the primate smooth pursuit system has been evident through several behavioural and neurophysiological experiments, few models have attempted to explain these results comprehensively. The model we propose in this paper in line with previous models employing optimal control theory; however, we hypothesize two new issues: (1) the medical superior temporal (MST) area in the cerebral cortex implements a recurrent neural network (RNN) in order to predict the current or future target velocity, and (2) a forward model of the target motion is acquired by on-line learning. We use stimulation studies to demonstrate how our new model supports these hypotheses.

Computational study on monkey VOR adaptation and smooth pursuit based on the parallel control-pathway theory.

Much controversy remains about the site of learning and memory for vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) adaptation in spite of numerous previous studies. One possible explanation for VOR adaptation is the flocculus hypothesis, which assumes that this adaptation is caused by synaptic plasticity in the cerebellar cortex. Another hypothesis is the model proposed by Lisberger that assumes that the learning that occurs in both the cerebellar cortex and the vestibular nucleus is necessary for VOR adaptation.