Reductions in liver enzymes are associated with anti-hyperglycaemic and anti-obesity effects of tofogliflozin in people with type 2 diabetes: Post-hoc analyses.

Aims: How the pathology of type 2 diabetes (T2D), including hyperglycaemia and obesity, affects liver enzymes has not been clinically demonstrated. Thus, we compared time courses of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) with those of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and body weight (BW) during treatment with the SGLT2 inhibitor tofogliflozin for T2D.

Materials And Methods: We post-hoc analysed preexisting data on 1046 people with T2D administered tofogliflozin or placebo for 24 weeks in four tofogliflozin studies.

Pravastatin-induced proangiogenic effects depend upon extracellular FGF-2.

The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) have been shown to exert several protective effects on the vasculature that are unrelated to changes in the cholesterol profile, and to induce angiogenesis. The proangiogenic effect exerted by statins has been attributed to the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway in endothelial cells; however, it is unclear how statins activate this pathway. Pravastatin-mediated activation of Akt and MAPK occurs rapidly (within 10 min.

Heat shock cognate protein 70 is essential for Akt signaling in endothelial function.

Objective: Heat shock protein 70s (Hsp70s) are molecular chaperones that protect cells from damage in response to various stress stimuli. However, the functions and mechanisms in endothelial cells (ECs) have not been examined. Herein, we investigate the role of Hsp70s, including heat shock cognate protein 70 (Hsc70), which is constitutively expressed in nonstressed cells (ie, ECs).

Pravastatin accelerates ischemia-induced angiogenesis through AMP-activated protein kinase.

Statins exert pleiotropic effects on the cardiovascular system, in part through an increase in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. In this study, we examined the role of pravastatin in ischemia-induced angiogenesis. Unilateral hindlimb ischemia was surgically induced in C57BL/6J mice.

Pharmacogenomics of cardiovascular pharmacology: molecular network analysis in pleiotropic effects of statin -- an experimental elucidation of the pharmacologic action from protein-protein interaction analysis.

The ebb and flow of cellular life depends largely on signaling pathways and networks, which are regulated by specific protein-protein interactions. These interactions often involve assembly of large signaling complexes containing many different protein kinases, protein phosphatases, their substrates, and scaffold proteins. Identification of protein complexes is the key to understanding cellular functions.