Modulation of the peak velocities and gains of abduction and adduction saccades according to head position.

Purpose: To assess the effects of modifying head position and of static ocular counter-rolling (OCR) on abduction and adduction in saccadic eye movements using a head-mounted video-oculographic device.

Study Design: A clinical observational study.

Methods: The peak velocities and amplitude gains of visually guided 12° saccades were binocularly measured in 21 healthy volunteers with their heads in the upright vertical (0°) and horizontal (± 90°, bilateral side-lying) postures, and in 6 participants with their head positions bilaterally tilted by 30°.

Extraction of three-dimensional shapes in glaucoma patients in response to monocular depth cues.

Purpose: To assess the impact of glaucoma on perceiving three-dimensional (3D) shapes based on monocular depth cues.

Study Design: Clinical observational study.

Methods: Twenty glaucoma patients, subjected to binocular visual-field sensitivity (binocular-VFS) tests using a Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer, and 20 age-matched healthy volunteers, underwent two tasks: identifying the nearest vertex of a 3D shape using monocular shading (3D-SfS), texture (3D-SfT), or motion (3D-SfM) cues, and distinguishing elementary one-dimensional (1D) features of these cues.

Clinically Diagnosed Occult Macular Dystrophy Habouring an m.14502T>C Mitochondrial DNA Mutation Associated with Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy: Case Report and Literature Review.

A 29-year-old female with no family history presented with bilateral progressive blurred vision. Her symptoms appeared at 12-years-old and her visual acuity had since deteriorated from 0.6 to 0.

Agreement in the detection of chiasmal and postchiasmal visual field defects between imo binocular random single-eye test and Humphrey monocular test.

Purpose: To compare the ability of imo binocular random single-eye test (BRSET) to detect visual field (VF) defects due to chiasmal and postchiasmal lesions (C/PCLs) with a Humphrey Field Analyzer (HFA) monocular test.

Study Design: Prospective multicenter study METHODS: This study enrolled 40 patients with C/PCLs and measured their VFs using both imo BRSET and HFA monocular test. The VFs were classified into three groups using the cluster criterion: 1) bitemporal group, 2) homonymous group, and 3) others.

Late-onset Ocular Toxicity Presenting as Uveitis Caused by Crizotinib.

A 64-year-old female suffering from lung cancer was treated with crizotinib. Two years later, whitish massive optic disc oedema was observed in the right eye. The fluorescein angiography results were suggestive of uveitis but also revealed leakage from the optic disc, retinal veins, and capillaries in the posterior retina and the periphery.

Investigation of intraocular pressure of the anterior chamber and vitreous cavity of porcine eyes via a novel method.

To evaluate a new method of measuring the intraocular pressure (IOP) in the vitreous cavity. IOPs in the anterior chamber and vitreous cavities of 24 porcine eyes (12 eyes with lenses and 12 eyes without lenses) were measured directly, continuously, and simultaneously. We used a needle as a part of the pressure sensor to measure the anterior chamber IOP and a disk-shaped sensor to measure the vitreous cavity IOP.

Clinical Characteristics of Neuronal Intranuclear Inclusion Disease-Related Retinopathy With CGG Repeat Expansions in the NOTCH2NLC Gene.

Purpose: To report the ocular characteristics of neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID)-related retinopathy with expansion of the CGG repeats in the NOTCH2NLC gene.

Methods: Seven patients from six families (aged 66-81 years) diagnosed with adult-onset NIID were studied. Ophthalmologic examinations, including the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), Goldmann perimetry, fundus photography, fundus autofluorescence (FAF) imaging, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and full-field electroretinography (ERGs), were performed.

A parietal region processing numerosity of observed actions: An FMRI study.

When observing others' behavior, it is important to perceive not only the identity of the observed actions (OAs), but also the number of times they were performed. Given the mounting evidence implicating posterior parietal cortex in action observation, and in particular that of manipulative actions, the aim of this study was to identify the parietal region, if any, that contributes to the processing of observed manipulative action (OMA) numerosity, using the functional magnetic resonance imaging technique. Twenty-one right-handed healthy volunteers performed two discrimination tasks while in the scanner, responding to video stimuli in which an actor performed manipulative actions on colored target balls that appeared four times consecutively.

Cancer-associated Retinopathy Developing After 10 Years of Complete Breast Cancer Remission.

A 73-year-old female with a past medical history of breast cancer, who 10 years earlier experienced complete remission, complained of bilateral visual field disturbances and photopsia, 2 months prior. Tumour recurrence and metastatic lesions were not found during the medical examination, but antibodies against recoverin were detected in her serum. Despite immunosuppressive treatment with prednisolone and plasmapheresis, rapid and diffuse degeneration of the patient's photoreceptors and deterioration of her visual field were observed.

Binocular stereo acuity affects monocular three-dimensional shape perception in patients with strabismus.

Background/aims: To evaluate the perception of three-dimensional (3D) shape in patients with strabismus and the contributions of stereopsis and monocular cues to this perception.

Methods: Twenty-one patients with strabismus with and 20 without stereo acuity as well as 25 age-matched normal volunteers performed two tasks: (1) identifying the closest vertices of 3D shapes from monocular shading (3D-SfS), texture (3D-SfT) or motion cues (3D-SfM) and from binocular disparity (3D-SfD), (2) discriminating 1D elementary features of these cues.

Results: Discrimination of the elementary features of luminance, texture and motion did not differ across groups.

Anti-Collapsing Response-Mediating Protein-5 Antibody-Positive Paraneoplastic Perioptic Neuritis without Typical Neurological Symptoms.

A 68-year-old male presented with blurred vision in both eyes. Ophthalmoscopy revealed bilateral prominent disc swelling and vitritis. No systematic neurological symptoms were observed.

Estimating the Binocular Visual Field of Glaucoma Patients With an Adjustment for Ocular Dominance.

Purpose: To investigate whether it is possible to improve estimation of the binocular visual field (VF) using monocular sensitivities on a linear scale adjusted for ocular dominance.

Methods: Monocular and binocular VF measurements were evaluated using the Humphrey Field Analyzer (HFA; 24-2 Swedish Interactive Threshold Algorithm standard program) in 60 eyes of 30 patients with open angle glaucoma. Ocular dominance was measured twice in each patient and the average value was used.

Amblyopia Associated with Congenital Facial Nerve Paralysis.

The association between congenital facial paralysis and visual development has not been thoroughly studied. Of 27 pediatric cases of congenital facial paralysis, we identified 3 patients who developed amblyopia, a visual acuity decrease caused by abnormal visual development, as comorbidity. These 3 patients had facial paralysis in the periocular region and developed amblyopia on the paralyzed side.

Recurrent Optic Neuropathy Caused by a Mucocele of the Anterior Clinoid Process after a 5-Year Remission: A Case Report and Literature Review.

A 32-year-old male presented with acute left vision loss during a second recurrence of optic neuropathy. Steroid pulse therapy had been effective in both the first episode 9 years previously and the first recurrence 5 years previously. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated an anterior clinoid process mucocele compressing the optic nerve.

Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis associated with transient cerebral dyschromatopsia, prosopagnosia, and lack of stereopsis.

A 20-year-old woman suffered from anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis and was treated with removal of an ovarian teratoma and retroperitoneal ganglioneuroma in addition to immunotherapy. She was incapable of face recognition, had difficulty with object recognition, and lacked color sensation and stereo perception during recovery. These symptoms were transient and completely resolved over 4 months.

Juvenile onset of ocular hypertension associated with de novo nail-patellar syndrome.

Purpose: To report a rare case of juvenile-onset ocular hypertension (OHT) associated with nail-patellar syndrome (NPS).

Method: Clinical data of the patient were reviewed retrospectively.

Results: A 29-year-old woman was referred due to uncontrollable OHT.

Multisynaptic inputs from the medial temporal lobe to V4 in macaques.

Retrograde transsynaptic transport of rabies virus was employed to undertake the top-down projections from the medial temporal lobe (MTL) to visual area V4 of the occipitotemporal visual pathway in Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata). On day 3 after rabies injections into V4, neuronal labeling was observed prominently in the temporal lobe areas that have direct connections with V4, including area TF of the parahippocampal cortex. Furthermore, conspicuous neuron labeling appeared disynaptically in area TH of the parahippocampal cortex, and areas 35 and 36 of the perirhinal cortex.

Clinical features and haplotype analysis of newly identified Japanese patients with gelsolin-related familial amyloidosis of Finnish type.

Familial amyloidosis of the Finnish type (FAF) is an autosomal dominant form of systematic amyloidosis characterized by lattice corneal dystrophy, cranial neuropathy, and cutis laxa. Although FAF has been frequently found in the Finnish population, FAF is a considerably rare disorder in other regions. In this study, we examined the clinical characteristics as well as the haplotypes of six Japanese patients with FAF from five families.

Segregated pathways carrying frontally derived top-down signals to visual areas MT and V4 in macaques.

The bottom-up processing of visual information is strongly influenced by top-down signals, at least part of which is thought to be conveyed from the frontal cortex through the frontal eye field (FEF) and the lateral intraparietal area (LIP). Here we investigated the architecture of multisynaptic pathways from the frontal cortex to the middle temporal area (MT) of the dorsal visual stream and visual area 4 (V4) of the ventral visual stream in macaques. In the first series of experiments, the retrograde trans-synaptic tracer, rabies virus, was injected into MT or V4.

Default mode of brain function in monkeys.

Human neuroimaging has revealed a specific network of brain regions-the default-mode network (DMN)-that reduces its activity during goal-directed behavior. So far, evidence for a similar network in monkeys is mainly indirect, since, except for one positron emission tomography study, it is all based on functional connectivity analysis rather than activity increases during passive task states. Here, we tested whether a consistent DMN exists in monkeys using its defining property.

Case of metastatic pulmonary carcinoma in optic disc diagnosed from results of biopsy performed during vitrectomy surgery.

Background: Most intraocular metastatic tumors occur in the uveal tract, while isolated metastasis to the optic nerve is rarely found. We report a case of metastasis to the optic disc from primary lung cancer, diagnosed from biopsy findings obtained during a vitrectomy.

Patient And Methods: A 69-year-old male presented with gradual visual impairment due to a milky white tumour that extended from the optic disc into the vitreous cavity.

Differential architecture of multisynaptic geniculo-cortical pathways to V4 and MT.

Parallel visual pathways in the primate brain known as the dorsal and ventral streams receive retinal inputs mainly through the magnocellular (M) and parvocellular (P) layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus. Inputs from these layers terminate within distinct parts of layer 4C of V1 (visual area 1). Due to the complexity of M- and P-derived neural connectivity in V1 and higher visual areas, the contributions of M and P inputs to the dorsal and ventral streams remain unclear.

Deficits in action selection based on numerical information after inactivation of the posterior parietal cortex in monkeys.

A previous study identified neuronal activity in area 5 of the monkey posterior parietal cortex that reflects the numerosity of a series of self-performed actions. It is not known, however, whether area 5 is crucially involved in the selection of an action based on numerical information or, instead, merely reflects numerosity-related signals that originate in other brain regions. We transiently and focally inactivated area 5 to test its functional contributions to numerosity-based action selection.