Bacterial Contamination Analysis of Residential Toilet Room Environment and Delivery of Residual Bacterial Growth Prevention Efficacy on Residential Toilet Permeable Surfaces Using Toilet Air Freshener Product.

Toilet malodor is one of the most concerned malodor in residential houses, so that many technologies and products have been developed by which is aiming to remove or reduce such toilet malodor. Toilet malodour is generated from human faecal matters left inside of toilet bowl and from that deposited outside of toilet bowl such as toilet floors. In order to remove or prevent the malodor generated outside of toilet bowl, it is effective to do more frequent cleaning of toilet room surfaces or place a deodorizer which mask the malodour by perfume.

Action of reactive oxygen species in the antifungal mechanism of gemini-pyridinium salts against yeast.

We previously found that the gemini quaternary salt (gemini-QUAT) containing two pyridinium residues per molecule, 3,3'- (2,7-dioxaoctane) bis (1-decylpyridinium bromide) (3DOBP-4,10) , exerted fungicidal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae and caused respiration inhibition and the cytoplasmic leakage of ATP, magnesium, and potassium ions. Here, we investigated how the gemini-QUAT, 3DOBP-4,10, exerts more powerful antimicrobial activity than the mono-QUAT N-cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and examined the association between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the antimicrobial mechanism. Antifungal assays showed that the activity of 3DOBP-4,10 against two yeasts, S.

Characterization of recombinant Streptococcus mitis-derived human platelet aggregation factor.

We previously purified Streptococcus mitis-derived human platelet aggregation factor (Sm-hPAF) from the culture supernatant of S. mitis strain Nm-65, isolated from the tooth surface of a patient with Kawasaki disease. Here we produced recombinant Sm-hPAF protein (rSm-hPAF) in Escherichia coli, to determine whether rSm-hPAF conserves its platelet aggregation activity.

Characterization and photochemical and antibacterial properties of highly stable silver nanoparticles prepared on montmorillonite clay in n-hexanol.

Ag nanoparticles (NPs) of approximately 2.5±0.6 nm in size with high stability were prepared on montmorillonite clay in n-hexanol ([Ag NP/clay]).

Mutational upregulation of a resistance-nodulation-cell division-type multidrug efflux pump, SdeAB, upon exposure to a biocide, cetylpyridinium chloride, and antibiotic resistance in Serratia marcescens.

Serratia marcescens is an important opportunistic pathogen in hospitals, where quaternary ammonium compounds are often used for disinfection. The aim of this study is to elucidate the effect of a biocide on the emergence of biocide- and antibiotic-resistant mutants and to characterize the molecular mechanism of biocide resistance in Serratia marcescens. A quaternary ammonium compound-resistant strain, CRes01, was selected by exposing a wild-type strain of S.

The mode of the antifungal activity of gemini-pyridinium salt against yeast.

The gemini quaternary salt (gemini-QUAT) containing two pyridinium residues per molecule, 3,3'-(2,7-dioxaoctane) bis (1-decylpyridinium bromide) (3DOBP-4,10), exerted fungicidal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae accompanied by respiration inhibition and the cytoplasmic material leakage of ATP, magnesium, and potassium ions. We previously found that gemini-QUAT exerted bacterioclastic action against Escherichia coli by causing the rapid and abundant leakage of turbid materials from the cells. In addition, the first stage of the bacterioclastic action was the leakage of magnesium ions, outer membrane protein E, ATP, and lipopolysaccharides.

Antibacterial activity and characteristics of modified ferrite powder coated with a gemini pyridinium salt molecule.

This report describes the synthesis of an antibacterial material consisting of a gemini quaternary ammonium salt (gemini-QUAT) immobilized on ferrite powder, and its antibacterial activity. A gemini-QUAT containing two pyridinium residues per molecule, 4,4'-[1,3-(2,2-dihydroxylmethyl-1,3-dithiapropane)]bis (1-octylpyridinium bromide), was immobilized on ferrite powder by a reaction between the hydroxyl group of the QUAT and trimethoxysilane. Immobilization of the gemini-QUAT on ferrite (F-gemini-QUAT) was confirmed when the dye, bromophenol blue, was released from F-gemini-QUAT-dye after contact between ferrite and the dye.

Background and evidence leading to the establishment of the JIS standard for antimicrobial products.

This article describes the circumstances involved in the standardization of the evaluation methods for antimicrobial products. The quantitative method of JIS L 1902 was adopted as the test method for textile products. For plastic, metal and ceramic products, examination of test methods proceeded through the investigation of references and reference to test methods used by various industrial organizations, and a new test method was developed based on the film covering method.

Correlation between the bacterioclastic action of a bis-quaternary ammonium compound and outer membrane proteins.

Bis-quaternary ammonium compounds (bis-QACs) have the ability to cause a rapid and abundant leakage of the turbid materials from cells, and such a bacterioclastic ability leads to a potent bactericidal activity. In order to clarify the detailed mechanism of the bactericidal action of bis-QACs, the correlation between the bacterioclastic action of 4,4'-(1,6-hexamethylenedithio)bis(1-octylpyridinium bromide) (4DTBP-6,8) and the leakage of outer membrane pore protein E (OmpE) was investigated. Using the antiserum against a fusion protein consisting of GST and the OmpE protein of Escherichia coli encoded by the ompE gene, it was seen that the leakage of OmpE from E.

Construction of a leftover bath water model for microbial testing.

In this study, in order to construct a model of leftover bath water, we analyzed one hundred samples of used bath water samples which were provided by twenty-eight volunteer families. It appeared that the number of detected bacteria from such bath water was correlated closely with the number of bathers. Moreover, the pH, acidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), ion, protein content of the leftover bath water were measured.

Synthesis and biological properties of gemini quaternary ammonium compounds, 5,5'-[2,2'-(alpha,omega-polymethylnedicarbonyldioxy)diethyl]bis-(3-alkyl-4-methylthiazolium iodide) and 5,5'-[2,2'-(p-phenylenedicarbonyldioxy)diethyl]bis(3-alkyl-4-methylthiazolium bromide).

We synthesized gemini quaternary ammonium compounds (gemini QACs) having two thiazolium moieties in a molecule, 5,5'-[2,2'-(alpha,omega-polymethylnedicarbonyldioxy)diethyl]bis(3-alkyl-4-methylthiazolium iodide) (5DEBT-m,n), on which the carbon number of the methylene chain linking the two thiazoles (m) is 2, 6 or 8 and that of the alkyl group (n) is 8, 10, 12, 14 or 16. 5,5'-[2,2'-(p-Phenylenedicarbonyldioxy)diethyl]bis(3-alkyl-4-methylthiazolium bromide) (5DEBT-P,n) was then synthesized, which is composed of a p-phenylene as the methylene spacer. For five gemini QAC series, in addition to the previously described 5DEBT-4,n to the four new compound series, their antimicrobial activities were determined.

Antifungal characteristics of N,N'-hexamethylenebis (4-carbamoyl-1-decylpyridinium bromide).

A bis-quaternary ammonium compound (bis-QAC), N,N'-hexamethylenebis(4-carbamoyl-1decylpyridinium bromide) (D-38), exhibited a wide antifungal spectrum and a strong activity against sixteen strains of fungi including nine strains isolated from various kinds of food. The antifungal activity was higher than that of N-dodecylpyridinium Iodide, a typical mono-QAC, and that of the commonly used fungicide, 2-(4-thiazolyl) benzimidazole. The activity of D-38, however, was comparatively low when it was measured by the agar dilution method.

Pathogenic bacteria carried by companion animals and their susceptibility to antibacterial agents.

Results of the investigation showed that there was a difference in the bacteria isolated from dogs, cats and their living environment. The number and species isolated from the hair and front paw samples from dogs kept outdoors and from cats were greater and more varied than those from the samples from dogs kept indoors. Staphylococcus, Micrococcus and Bacillus were frequently detected from skin surfaces.

Antimalarial effect of bis-pyridinium salts, N,N'-hexamethylenebis(4-carbamoyl-1-alkylpyridinium bromide).

The in vitro antimalarial activity of bis-pyridinium salts, N,N'-hexamethylenebis(4-carbamoyl-1-decylpyridinium bromide) and their derivatives, against the Plasmodium falciparum FCR-3 strain (ATCC 30932, chloroquine-sensitive) was evaluated. All test compounds exhibited antimalarial activity over a concentration range of 3.5microM to 10nM.

Syntheses and antimicrobial activities of a series of new bis-quaternary ammonium compounds.

A series of new bis-quaternary ammonium compounds (bis-QACs), 4,4'-(2,9-dioxadecane) bis(1-alkylpyridinium bromide)s, 3,3'-(2,9-dioxadecane)bis(1-alkylpyridinium bromide)s and 3,3'-(2,7-dioxaoctane)bis(1-decylpyridinium bromide) was synthesized. The compounds were evaluated by their activities against bacteria, molds and yeasts; the activities were expressed as the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and/or the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC). Compound 4,4'-(2,9-dioxadecane) bis(1-decylpyridinium bromide) had MIC values which exceeded those of benzalkoniumchloride and thiabendazole.

Intermedilysin is essential for the invasion of hepatoma HepG2 cells by Streptococcus intermedius.

Streptococcus intermedius causes endogenous infections leading to abscesses. This species produces intermedilysin (ILY), a human-specific cytolysin. Because of the significant correlation between higher ILY production levels by S.

Bridge-linked bis-quaternary ammonium anti-microbial agents: relationship between cytotoxicity and anti-bacterial activity of 5,5'-[2,2'-(tetramethylenedicarbonyldioxy)-diethyl]bis(3-alkyl-4-methylthiazonium iodide)s.

We examined the correlation between the anti-bacterial activity against Escherichia coli and the cytotoxicity of five synthesized bridge types of bis-quaternary ammonium compounds (bis-QACs) as follows: thioether type, 4,4'-(p-xylydithio)bis(1-octylpyridinium iodide) (4DTBP-X,8); amide type, N,N'-tetramethylenebis(1-dodecyl-4-carbamoylpyridinium iodide) (4BCAP-4,12), N,N'-(phenylene)bis(1-octyl-4-carbamoylpyridinium iodide) (4BCAP-P,8); anti-amide type, 4,4'-(tetramethylenedicarbonyldiamino)bis(1-octylpyridinium iodide) (4DCABP-4,8), 4,4'-(phenylenedicarbonyldiamino)bis(1-octylpyridinium iodide) (4DCABP-P,8); ester type, 4,4'-(1,6-hexamethylenedioxydicarbonyl)bis(1-dodecylpyridinium iodide) (4DOCBP-6,12); and an anti-ester type, 5,5'-[2,2'-(tetramethylenedicarbonyldioxy)diethyl]bis(3-alkyl-4-methylthiazolium iodide) (5DEBT-4,n, The letter n indicates the carbon number of the alkyl group). 5DEBT-4,8 showed low cytotoxicity (LD(50)) to human erythrocytes (97+/-6microM) and the NB1RGB cell line (111+/-20microM) and remarkable anti-bacterial activity (MIC) toward E. coli K12 W3110 (7.

Biological and physicochemical properties of gemini quaternary ammonium compounds in which the positions of a cross-linking sulfur in the spacer differ.

We synthesized two novel gemini quaternary ammonium compounds (gemini QACs), 4,4'-[1,6-(2,5-dithiahexane)]bis(1-alkylpyridinium bromide) and 4,4'-[1,6-(3,4-dithiahexane)]bis(1-alkylpyridinium bromide), which are essentially two dimerized pyridinium salts. Three gemini QACs in which the positions of a cross-linking sulfur in the spacer differ, in addition to the previously described 4,4'-[1,6-(1,6-dithiahexane)]bis(1-alkylpyridinium bromide) to both gemini compounds, were determined for their antimicrobial, hemolytic and surface activities and molecular hydrophobicity. Comparative biological and physicochemical studies concluded that the position of sulfur in the spacer chain for three gemini QAC series influences the surface activity, the hydrophobicity and the electron density of the ammonium nitrogen, and that their biological properties are ascribable to the variation of these parameters caused by the position of the sulfur.

A cell membrane modification technique using domain 4 of intermedilysin for immunotherapy against cancer.

Rapid cell membrane modification techniques are currently being sought in order to develop gene therapy and cellular immunotherapy modalities against cancer and other diseases. We developed a novel technique using the non-toxic portion of intermedilysin, a streptolysin O family cytolysin with a high affinity for human cell membranes, as a cell membrane adaptor module. Domain 4 recombinants of intermedilysin with linker sites at the N-terminus were designed.

Structural analysis of human specific cytolysin intermedilysin aiming application to cancer immunotherapy.

Background: Intermedilysin (ILY) is a human specific cytolysin secreted by Streptococcus intermedius. In the present study, we performed molecular modeling of ILY and cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs) (pneumolysin, PLY; listeriolysin O, LLO; streptolysin O, SLO; alveolysin, ALV; suilysin, SLY; pyolysin, PLO) to compare the membrane binding domains including the undecapeptide (11mer) region which is thought to be necessary for the cytolytic activity of CDCs.

Materials And Methods: The molecular models of cytolysins were constructed using InsightII with Homology module with X-ray data of perfringolysin O (PFO).

The human-specific action of intermedilysin, a homolog of streptolysin O, is dictated by domain 4 of the protein.

Intermedilysin is a pore-forming cytolysin belonging to the streptolysin O gene family known as the 'Cholesterol-binding/dependent cytolysins' and is unique within the family in that it is highly humanspecific. This specificity suggests interaction with a component of human cells other than cholesterol, the proposed receptor for the other toxins of the gene family. Indeed, intermedilysin showed no significant degree of affinity to free or liposome-embedded cholesterol.

Analysis of structural features of bis-quaternary ammonium antimicrobial agents 4,4'-(alpha,omega-polymethylenedithio)bis (1-alkylpyridinium iodide)s using computational simulation.

The bis-quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) consisted of two identical alkylpyridinium rings and a bridge structure linking the rings to each other. The QACs have a methylene bridge except for 4DCABP-P,12 which has a phenyl ring as a bridge. These bis-QACs are as follows; amide type: N,N'-tetramethylenebis(1-dodecyl-4-carbamoylpyridinium iodide) (4BCAP-4,12), N,N'-hexamethylenebis(1-decyl-4-carbamoylpyridinium iodide) (4BCAP-6,10), anti-amide type: 4,4'-(1,4-tetramethylenedicarbonyldiamine)bis(1-decylpyridinium iodide) (4DCABP-4,10), 4,4'-(1,4-tetramethylenedicarbonyldiamine)bis (1-dodecylpyridinium iodide) (4DCABP-4,12), 4,4'-(1,4-phenyldicarbonyldiamine)bis(1-dodecylpyridinium iodide) (4DCABP-P,12), ester type: 4,4'-(1,6-hexamethylenedioxydicarbonyl)bis(1-dodecylpyridinium iodide) (4DOCBP-6,12), thioether type: 4,4'-(1,6-hexamethylenedithio)bis(1-octylpyridinium iodide) (4DTBP-6,8).

Correlation between resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to quaternary ammonium compounds and expression of outer membrane protein OprR.

The adaptation mechanism of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145 to quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) was investigated. A P. aeruginosa strain with adapted resistance to QACs was developed by a standard broth dilution method.

Dual-site recognition of different extracellular matrix components by anti-angiogenic/neurotrophic serpin, PEDF.

Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), a member of the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) superfamily, possesses anti-angiogenic and neurotrophic activities. PEDF has been reported to bind to extracellular matrix (ECM) components such as collagens and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). In this study, to determine the binding sites for collagens and GAGs, we analyzed the interaction of recombinant mouse PEDF (rPEDF) with collagen I and heparin.