Identification of The Unique Subtype of Macrophages in Aneurysm Lesions at the Growth Phase.

Objectives: Recent experimental studies have defined intracranial aneurysms as a macrophage-mediated chronic inflammatory disease affecting intracranial arteries. Although there are various subtypes in macrophages, what type of macrophages is present in lesions during the disease development remains to be elucidated.

Methods: The previously-established aneurysm model of rats was used.

Computational fluid dynamic analysis of the initiation of cerebral aneurysms.

Objective: Relationships between aneurysm initiation and hemodynamic factors remain unclear since de novo aneurysms are rarely observed. Most previous computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies have used artificially reproduced vessel geometries before aneurysm initiation for analysis. In this study, the authors investigated the hemodynamic factors related to aneurysm initiation by using angiographic images in patients with cerebral aneurysms taken before and after an aneurysm formation.

[History and Recent Development of Basic Research Using an Experimental Intracranial Aneurysm Model].

Since intracranial aneurysm(IA)is a disease that follows an extremely unpredictable course, from initiation to rupture, experimental models have greatly contributed to a better understanding of IA pathophysiology. This article aims to review the history of IA models through the pivotal theme of the ideal IA model. In addition, this article introduces updated findings from the application of these experimental models.

Hemodynamic Force as a Potential Regulator of Inflammation-Mediated Focal Growth of Saccular Aneurysms in a Rat Model.

Past studies have elucidated the crucial role of macrophage-mediated inflammation in the growth of intracranial aneurysms (IAs), but the contributions of hemodynamics are unclear. Considering the size of the arteries, we induced de novo aneurysms at the bifurcations created by end-to-side anastomoses with the bilateral common carotid arteries in rats. Sequential morphological data of induced aneurysms were acquired by magnetic resonance angiography.

Involvement of neutrophils in machineries underlying the rupture of intracranial aneurysms in rats.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage due to rupture of an intracranial aneurysm has a quite poor prognosis after the onset of symptoms, despite the modern technical advances. Thus, the mechanisms underlying the rupture of lesions should be clarified. To this end, we obtained gene expression profile data and identified the neutrophil-related enriched terms in rupture-prone lesions using Gene Ontology analysis.

Dedifferentiation of smooth muscle cells in intracranial aneurysms and its potential contribution to the pathogenesis.

Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are the major type of cells constituting arterial walls and play a role to maintain stiffness via producing extracellular matrix. Here, the loss and degenerative changes of SMCs become the major histopathological features of an intracranial aneurysm (IA), a major cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Considering the important role of SMCs and the loss of this type of cells in IA lesions, we in the present study subjected rats to IA models and examined how SMCs behave during disease progression.

Eicosapentaenoic acid prevents the progression of intracranial aneurysms in rats.

Background: As subarachnoid hemorrhage due to rupture of an intracranial aneurysm (IA) has quite a poor outcome despite of an intensive medical care, development of a novel treatment targeting unruptured IAs based on the correct understanding of pathogenesis is mandatory for social health.

Methods: Using previously obtained gene expression profile data from surgically resected unruptured human IA lesions, we selected G-protein coupled receptor 120 (GPR120) as a gene whose expression is significantly higher in lesions than that in control arterial walls. To corroborate a contribution of GPR120 signaling to the pathophysiology, we used an animal model of IAs and examine the effect of a GPR120 agonist on the progression of the disease.

Vasa vasorum formation is associated with rupture of intracranial aneurysms.

Objective: Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has a poor outcome despite modern advancements in medical care. The development of a novel therapeutic strategy to prevent rupture of intracranial aneurysms (IAs) or a novel diagnostic marker to predict rupture-prone lesions is thus mandatory. Therefore, in the present study, the authors established a rat model in which IAs spontaneously rupture and examined this model to clarify histopathological features associated with rupture of lesions.

Rat Model of Intracranial Aneurysm: Variations, Usefulness, and Limitations of the Hashimoto Model.

Given the poor outcome of subarachnoid hemorrhage due to rupture of intracranial aneurysms (IAs) and high prevalence of IAs in general public, elucidation of mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of the disease and development of effective treatment are mandatory for social health. Recent experimental findings have revealed the crucial contribution of macrophage-mediated chronic inflammation to and greatly promoted our understanding of the pathogenesis. Also a series of studies have proposed the potential of anti-inflammatory drugs as therapeutic ones.

RNA sequencing analysis revealed the induction of CCL3 expression in human intracranial aneurysms.

Intracranial aneurysm (IA) is a socially important disease as a major cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Recent experimental studies mainly using animal models have revealed a crucial role of macrophage-mediated chronic inflammatory responses in its pathogenesis. However, as findings from comprehensive analysis of unruptured human IAs are limited, factors regulating progression and rupture of IAs in humans remain unclear.

Two Diverse Hemodynamic Forces, a Mechanical Stretch and a High Wall Shear Stress, Determine Intracranial Aneurysm Formation.

Intracranial aneurysm (IA) usually induced at a bifurcation site of intracranial arteries causes a lethal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Currently, IA is considered as a macrophage-mediated inflammatory disease triggered by a high wall shear stress (WSS) on endothelial cells. However, considered the fact that a high WSS can be observed at every bifurcation site, some other factors are required to develop IAs.

Real-time Imaging of an Experimental Intracranial Aneurysm in Rats.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage due to rupture of a pre-existing intracranial aneurysm has quite a poor outcome in spite of intensive medical care. Hemodynamic stress loaded on intracranial arterial walls is considered as a trigger and a regulator of formation and progression of the disease, but how intracranial arterial walls or intracranial aneurysm walls behave under hemodynamic stress loading remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to visualize and analyze the wall motion of intracranial aneurysms to detect a pathological flow condition.

Intraoperative and Postoperative Bleeding in Microvascular Decompression for Trigeminal Neuralgia.

Objective: The surgical approach for the trigeminal nerve involves veins connected to the superior petrosal and tentorial sinus, and we should pay special attention to these veins. We investigated intraoperative and postoperative bleeding using our database.

Methods: A prospectively accumulated database of 247 microvascular decompression surgeries for trigeminal neuralgia over the past 10 years was analyzed.

Macrophage Imaging of Cerebral Aneurysms with Ferumoxytol: an Exploratory Study in an Animal Model and in Patients.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to assess the validity and feasibility of macrophage imaging using an ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle, ferumoxytol, in the cerebral aneurysmal wall in an animal model and in humans.

Materials And Methods: Engulfment of ferumoxytol by primary culture of macrophages and RAW264.7 cells was assessed.

Nonspastic hemifacial spasm confirmed by abnormal muscle responses.

Background: Hemifacial spasm is usually diagnosed by inspection which mainly identifies involuntary movements of orbicularis oculi. Assessing abnormal muscle responses (AMR) is another diagnostic method.

Case Description: We report a case of left hemifacial spasm without detectable involuntary facial movements.

T cell function is dispensable for intracranial aneurysm formation and progression.

Given the social importance of intracranial aneurysm as a major cause of a lethal subarachnoid hemorrhage, clarification of mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of this disease is essential for improving poor prognosis once after rupture. Previous histopathological analyses of human aneurysm walls have revealed the presence of T cells in lesions suggesting involvement of this type of cell in the pathogenesis. However, it remains unclear whether T cell actively participates in intracranial aneurysm progression.

A sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor type 1 agonist, ASP4058, suppresses intracranial aneurysm through promoting endothelial integrity and blocking macrophage transmigration.

Background And Purpose: Intracranial aneurysm (IA), common in the general public, causes lethal subarachnoid haemorrhage on rupture. It is, therefore, of utmost importance to prevent the IA from rupturing. However, there is currently no medical treatment.

[Emergency Decompressive Craniotomy in the Emergency Room was Effective in Severe Acute Subdural Hematoma Treatment:Two Case Reports].

The outcome of severe acute subdural hematoma is unfavorable. In particular, patients with levels of consciousness of Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS)3 or 4 tend to be refractory to treatment. Decompressive craniotomy should be promptly performed to remove hematoma.

Clinical Predictors of Intracranial Injuries in Infants with Minor Head Trauma.

Objective: Minor head trauma is common in children. Although most cases are nonsignificant, minor head trauma can lead to preventable intracranial injuries. The aim of this study was to identify clinical predictors of intracranial injuries in infants with minor head trauma.

[Radiation-Induced Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor of the High Cervical Spine].

Unlabelled:

Case: A 30-year-old woman presented with posterior cervical pain and left-sided omalgia. The patient had a history of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma for which she had received prophylactic whole-brain irradiation(including at the upper cervical level)17 years previously. A magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)scan obtained 1 month previously showed an intradural extramedullary mass lesion at the left C1/2 level.

Prognostic Assessment of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Patients with WFNS Grade V by CT Perfusion on Arrival.

Background: The prognosis of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) depends on their condition on arrival at the hospital. However, a small number of patients recover from an initially poor condition. We investigated the correlation between quantitative measures of computed tomography (CT) perfusion (CTP) on arrival and the outcomes of patients with World Federation of Neurosurgical Society (WFNS) grade V aSAH.

Direct Microsurgical Embolectomy for Acute Occlusion of the Internal Carotid Artery and Middle Cerebral Artery.

Background: Surgical embolectomy is the most promising therapy for physically removing emboli from major cerebral arteries. However, it requires an experienced surgical team, time-consuming steps, and is not incorporated into acute stroke therapy.

Methods: We established seamless collaboration between services, refined surgical techniques, and conducted a prospective trial of emergency surgical embolectomy.

[Immediate improvement of ischemic oculopathy after stenting for internal carotid artery stenosis].

Ocular ischemic syndrome occurs when ocular circulation becomes impaired owing to various causes, leading to disturbances in the visual function. It ultimately progresses to neovascular glaucoma and loss of sight. Therefore, the early diagnosis and treatment of patients with ocular ischemic syndrome has a major effect on their visual prognosis.