Non-Random Pattern of Integration for Epstein-Barr Virus with Preference for Gene-Poor Genomic Chromosomal Regions into the Genome of Burkitt Lymphoma Cell Lines.

Background: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic virus found in about 95% of endemic Burkitt lymphoma (BL) cases. In latently infected cells, EBV DNA is mostly maintained in episomal form, but it can also be integrated into the host genome, or both forms can coexist in the infected cells.

Methods: In this study, we mapped the chromosomal integration sites of EBV (EBV-IS) into the genome of 21 EBV+ BL cell lines (BL-CL) using metaphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).

Hemispheric asymmetry in ocean change and the productivity of ecosystem sentinels.

Climate change and other human activities are causing profound effects on marine ecosystem productivity. We show that the breeding success of seabirds is tracking hemispheric differences in ocean warming and human impacts, with the strongest effects on fish-eating, surface-foraging species in the north. Hemispheric asymmetry suggests the need for ocean management at hemispheric scales.

Coastal regions of the northern Antarctic Peninsula are key for gentoo populations.

Southern Ocean ecosystems are rapidly changing due to climate variability. An apparent beneficiary of such change in the western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) is the gentoo penguin , which has increased its population size and expanded its range southward in the last 20 years. To better understand how this species has responded to large-scale changes, we tracked individuals during the non-breeding winter period from five colonies across the latitudinal range of breeding sites in the WAP, including from a recently established colony.

Acute bottlenecks to the survival of juvenile penguins occur immediately after fledging.

Estimating when and where survival bottlenecks occur in free-ranging marine predators is critical for effective demographic monitoring and spatial planning. This is particularly relevant to juvenile stages of long-lived species for which direct observations of death are typically not possible. We used satellite telemetry data from fledgling Adélie, chinstrap and gentoo penguins near the Antarctic Peninsula to estimate the spatio-temporal scale of a bottleneck after fledging.

Tracking of marine predators to protect Southern Ocean ecosystems.

Southern Ocean ecosystems are under pressure from resource exploitation and climate change. Mitigation requires the identification and protection of Areas of Ecological Significance (AESs), which have so far not been determined at the ocean-basin scale. Here, using assemblage-level tracking of marine predators, we identify AESs for this globally important region and assess current threats and protection levels.

Long-term observations from Antarctica demonstrate that mismatched scales of fisheries management and predator-prey interaction lead to erroneous conclusions about precaution.

Low catch limits for forage species are often considered to be precautionary measures that can help conserve marine predators. Difficulties measuring the impacts of fisheries removals on dependent predators maintain this perspective, but consideration of the spatio-temporal scales over which forage species, their predators, and fisheries interact can aid assessment of whether low catch limits are as precautionary as presumed. Antarctic krill are targeted by the largest fishery in the Southern Ocean and are key forage for numerous predators.

Individual variation in migratory movements of chinstrap penguins leads to widespread occupancy of ice-free winter habitats over the continental shelf and deep ocean basins of the Southern Ocean.

A goal of tracking migratory animals is to characterize the habitats they use and to interpret population processes with respect to conditions experienced en route to, and within, overwintering areas. For migratory seabirds with broad breeding ranges, inferring population-level effects of environmental conditions that are experienced during migratory periods would benefit by directly comparing how birds from different breeding aggregations disperse, characterizing the physical conditions of areas they use, and determining whether they occupy shared foraging areas. We therefore tracked 41 adult and juvenile chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica) from three breeding locations in the northern Antarctic Peninsula region during the austral winter of 2017.

Impacts of rising sea temperature on krill increase risks for predators in the Scotia Sea.

Climate change is a threat to marine ecosystems and the services they provide, and reducing fishing pressure is one option for mitigating the overall consequences for marine biota. We used a minimally realistic ecosystem model to examine how projected effects of ocean warming on the growth of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, might affect populations of krill and dependent predators (whales, penguins, seals, and fish) in the Scotia Sea. We also investigated the potential to mitigate depletion risk for predators by curtailing krill fishing at different points in the 21st century.

Rethinking "normal": The role of stochasticity in the phenology of a synchronously breeding seabird.

Phenological changes have been observed in a variety of systems over the past century. There is concern that, as a consequence, ecological interactions are becoming increasingly mismatched in time, with negative consequences for ecological function. Significant spatial heterogeneity (inter-site) and temporal variability (inter-annual) can make it difficult to separate intrinsic, extrinsic and stochastic drivers of phenological variability.

An accurate and adaptable photogrammetric approach for estimating the mass and body condition of pinnipeds using an unmanned aerial system.

Measurements of body size and mass are fundamental to pinniped population management and research. Manual measurements tend to be accurate but are invasive and logistically challenging to obtain. Ground-based photogrammetric techniques are less invasive, but inherent limitations make them impractical for many field applications.

Stable isotope analyses of feather amino acids identify penguin migration strategies at ocean basin scales.

Identifying the at-sea distribution of wide-ranging marine predators is critical to understanding their ecology. Advances in electronic tracking devices and intrinsic biogeochemical markers have greatly improved our ability to track animal movements on ocean-wide scales. Here, we show that, in combination with direct tracking, stable carbon isotope analysis of essential amino acids in tail feathers provides the ability to track the movement patterns of two, wide-ranging penguin species over ocean basin scales.

Circumpolar analysis of the Adélie Penguin reveals the importance of environmental variability in phenological mismatch.

Evidence of climate-change-driven shifts in plant and animal phenology have raised concerns that certain trophic interactions may be increasingly mismatched in time, resulting in declines in reproductive success. Given the constraints imposed by extreme seasonality at high latitudes and the rapid shifts in phenology seen in the Arctic, we would also expect Antarctic species to be highly vulnerable to climate-change-driven phenological mismatches with their environment. However, few studies have assessed the impacts of phenological change in Antarctica.

Identifying Risk: Concurrent Overlap of the Antarctic Krill Fishery with Krill-Dependent Predators in the Scotia Sea.

Mitigating direct and indirect interactions between marine predators and fisheries is a motivating factor for ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM), especially where predators and fisheries compete for a shared resource. One difficulty in advancing EBFM is parameterizing clear functional responses of predators to indices of prey availability. Alternative characterizations of fishery-predator interactions may therefore benefit the implementation of EBFM.

Redox and photoinduced electron-transfer properties in short distance organoboryl ferrocene-subphthalocyanine dyads.

Reaction between ferrocene lithium or ethynylferrocene magnesium bromide and (chloro)boronsubphthalocyanine leads to formation of ferrocene- (2) and ethynylferrocene- (3) containing subphthalocyanine dyads with a direct organometallic B-C bond. New donor-acceptor dyads were characterized using UV-vis and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopies, NMR method, and X-ray crystallography. Redox potentials of the rigid donor-acceptor dyads 2 and 3 were studied using the cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) approaches and compared to the parent subphthalocyanine 1 and conformationally flexible subphthalocyanine ferrocenenylmethoxide (4) and ferrocenyl carboxylate (5) dyads reported earlier.

Communication: Trapping upconverted energy in neat platinum porphyrin films via an unexpected fusion mechanism.

Direct observation of an unexpected product from excited state fusion of two excited triplet states in platinum octaethylporphyrin is reported. Transient spectroscopy was used to identify the product as a metal centered (d, d) state that decays slowly compared with the rate of fusion. The reaction was demonstrated to be second order with a rate coefficient of k(TTF) = (5.

Decision-making for ecosystem-based management: evaluating options for a krill fishery with an ecosystem dynamics model.

Decision-makers charged with implementing ecosystem-based management (EBM) rely on scientists to predict the consequences of decisions relating to multiple, potentially conflicting, objectives. Such predictions are inherently uncertain, and this can be a barrier to decision-making. The Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources requires managers of Southern Ocean fisheries to sustain the productivity of target stocks, the health and resilience of the ecosystem, and the performance of the fisheries themselves.

Variability in krill biomass links harvesting and climate warming to penguin population changes in Antarctica.

The West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) and adjacent Scotia Sea support abundant wildlife populations, many of which were nearly extirpated by humans. This region is also among the fastest-warming areas on the planet, with 5-6 °C increases in mean winter air temperatures and associated decreases in winter sea-ice cover. These biological and physical perturbations have affected the ecosystem profoundly.

Divergent responses of Pygoscelis penguins reveal a common environmental driver.

The responses of predators to environmental variability in the Antarctic Peninsula region have exhibited divergent patterns owing to variation in the geographic settings of colonies and predator life-history strategies. Five breeding colonies of Pygoscelis penguins from King George Island and Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, were examined to (1) compare the responses of sympatric congeners to recent changes in their Antarctic ecosystem and (2) assess underlying causes for such responses. We used linear regression and correlation analyses to compare indices of abundance, recruitment, and summer breeding performance of the Adélie (P.

Potassium, sodium, water, and Donnan potential changes in the myofibrils of intact muscle fibres after exposure to ouabain and K-free Ringer.

Frog sartorius muscles were superfused for 40 min with solutions of K-free Ringer, normal Ringer containing ouabain, or K-free Ringer containing ouabain. Changes in myoplasmic K and Na were measured with ion-selective microelectrodes; changes in total fibre K and Na were measured by means of atomic absorption spectroscopy; and changes in total fibre water content were obtained from wet and dry weights. Application of a two-compartment model permitted one to calculate (i) the K, Na, and water changes in the myofibrils and in the surrounding myoplasm (extramyofibrillar space); (ii) the changes in the transmyofibrillar Donnan potential (ED); and (iii) the changes in the ratio of the apparent association constants (kNa/kK) of the myofilament charge sites to Na and K.

Transmembrane K+, Na+, and Cl- permeability and conductance changes in the frog sartorius fibres following ouabain and zero [K+]o treatment.

Changes in the K+, Na+, and Cl- permeabilities (P) and conductances (g) of the intact frog sartorius fibre membrane following ouabain or zero [K+]o treatment were calculated from intrafibre activity and whole muscle electrolyte changes. Conventional equations relating ionic fluxes to resting potential (E), ionic gradient potential, and internal and external ionic activities were used. Both treatments produced a three- to five-fold increase in PNa and gNa.