What Aspects of Supervised Patient Encounters Affect Students' Perception of Having an Excellent Learning Outcome? A Survey Among European Medical Students.

Background: To investigate whether supervisor behavior, students' participation and approach, and psychological safety were associated with self-reported excellent learning outcome from supervised encounters with patients among European medical students.

Methods: A cross-sectional, online survey among European medical students asking about their latest clinical supervision experience. Associations were examined with logistic regression.

Psychological safety in European medical students' last supervised patient encounter: A cross-sectional survey.

Objective: To investigate the association between European medical students' psychological safety in and experiences from their last supervised patient encounter.

Materials And Methods: A cross-sectional online survey among European medical students. Bivariable and multivariable linear regression was used to explore the associations between the dependent variable psychological safety and independent variables concerning students' experiences from their last supervised patient encounter.

Educational interventions to ensure provision of doctors in rural areas - a systematic review.

Introduction: Recruiting doctors in rural areas is challenging. Various educational interventions have been introduced in many countries. This study aimed to explore undergraduate medical education interventions introduced to recruit doctors to rural areas, and the results of these interventions.

Learning from clinical supervision - a qualitative study of undergraduate medical students' experiences.

Introduction: Clinical supervision is necessary to ensure students' learning and patient safety. There is limited research on how medical students' actions play into the dynamic of learning from clinical supervision. We aimed to explore undergraduate medical students' experiences with learning from clinical supervision, focusing on students' actions and interactions.

Educational interventions to ensure provision of doctors in rural areas - a systematic review.

Background: Recruiting doctors in rural areas is challenging, and various educational interventions to ensure the provision of doctors in rural areas have been introduced in many countries. This study aimed to collect knowledge about the undergraduate medical education interventions that have been introduced in order to recruit doctors to rural areas, and the results of these interventions.

Material And Method: We undertook a systematic search in the databases Cinahl, Eric, Medline and PsycInfo using the search words rural, remote, workforce, physicians, recruitment and retention.

Doctors educated in Bodø - who are they and where do they work?

Background: Every year since 2009, up to 24 medical students at UiT The Arctic University of Norway have undertaken the last two years of their undergraduate medical education in Bodø (referred to as the Bodø model). We mapped the municipalities where the students had grown up, their preferences as to future specialties, where they worked and what they worked with after Part 1 of their specialist training.

Material And Method: Medical students who graduated from the Bodø model in the period 2012-18 completed a questionnaire in the first week of their sixth year of study, containing questions about where they had grown up and their preferences for future place of work and specialty.

Have medical students' attitudes towards clinical communication skills changed over a 12- year period? A comparative long-term study.

Background: Attitudes towards learning clinical communication skills at the end of medical school are likely to reflect the students' training and motivation for the continued development of their skills as doctors. Students from two Norwegian medical schools, one with a traditional, and the other with an integrated curriculum, were approached in 2003 and 2015; with regard to changes in students' attitudes towards acquiring communication skills in two diverse learning environments. This comparison might reveal the effects of the training programs from a long-term perspective, as neither of the medical schools made any major curriculum changes within the study period.

Do medical students and young physicians assess reliably their self-efficacy regarding communication skills? A prospective study from end of medical school until end of internship.

Background: This prospective study from end of medical school through internship investigates the course and possible change of self- reported self-efficacy in communication skills compared with observers' ratings of such skills in consultations with simulated patients.

Methods: Sixty-two medical students (43 females) from four Norwegian universities performed a videotaped consultation with a simulated patient immediately before medical school graduation (T1) and after internship (internal medicine, surgery and family medicine, half a year each - T2). Before each consultation, the participants assessed their general self-efficacy in communication skills.

Past and recent abuse is associated with early cessation of breast feeding: results from a large prospective cohort in Norway.

Objective: Breast feeding provides a wide range of health benefits for both infants and mothers. Few studies have examined the impact of past and recent abuse of women on breastfeeding behaviour. The aims of our study were to examine whether exposure to past and recent emotional, sexual or physical abuse was associated with early breastfeeding cessation, and to assess whether a potential association differed for known and unknown perpetrators.

The long-term effect on mental health symptoms and patient activation of using patient feedback scales in mental health out-patient treatment. A randomised controlled trial.

Objective: To investigate the long-term effect on mental health symptoms and patient activation, from using the Partners for Change Outcome Management System (PCOMS) feedback scales in out-patient mental health consultations, compared to not using feedback scales.

Methods: An open parallel-group randomised controlled trial was conducted in a mental health hospital in Norway. Eight therapists treated the intervention group, using two feedback scales, and seventeen therapists treated the treatment as usual group.

Adult physical, sexual, and emotional abuse and postpartum depression, a population based, prospective study of 53,065 women in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study.

Background: Postpartum depression (PPD) has detrimental consequences to the women, their infants and families. The aim of the present study was to assess the association between adult abuse and PPD.

Methods: This study was based on data from 53,065 pregnant women in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa), conducted by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health.

Prevalence of sexual, physical and emotional abuse in the Norwegian mother and child cohort study.

Background: Abuse of women occurs in every society of the world. Increased information about the prevalence in industrialized countries, like Norway, is required to make strategies to prevent abuse. Our aim was to investigate the prevalence of self-reported sexual, physical and emotional abuse in a large obstetric population in Norway, and the associations between exposure to adult abuse, socio-demographics and other characteristics.

A few more minutes make a difference? The relationship between content and length of GP consultations.

Objectives: To investigate the relationship between the length of a medical consultation in a general practice setting and the biopsychosocial information obtained by the physician, and to explore the characteristics of young physicians obtaining comprehensive, especially psychosocial information.

Design: A prospective, longitudinal follow-up study.

Setting: Videotaped consultations with standardized patients on two occasions were scored for the amount of biopsychosocial information obtained.

The short-term effect on alliance and satisfaction of using patient feedback scales in mental health out-patient treatment. A randomised controlled trial.

Background: The main aim was to investigate the effect of using two brief feedback scales in mental health out-patient treatment six weeks after starting treatment, compared to treatment as usual. Hypotheses were that use of feedback scales would improve treatment alliance and patient satisfaction.

Methods: An open parallel-group randomised controlled trial was conducted in an out-patient unit in a mental health hospital in Central Norway.

Effect of an institutional development plan for user participation on professionals' knowledge, practice, and attitudes. A controlled study.

Background: Governments in several countries attempt to strengthen user participation through instructing health care organisations to plan and implement activities such as user representation in administrational boards, improved information to users, and more individual user participation in clinical work. The professionals are central in implementing initiatives to enhance user participation in organisations, but no controlled studies have been conducted on the effect on professionals from implementing institutional development plans. The objective was to investigate whether implementing a development plan intending to enhance user participation in a mental health hospital had any effect on the professionals' knowledge, practice, or attitudes towards user participation.

Same description, different values. How service users and providers define patient and public involvement in health care.

Background: Patient and public involvement in health care is important, but the existing definitions of the concept do not integrate the stakeholders' own perceptions.

Objective: To investigate and compare service users' and service providers' own definitions of patient and public involvement and their implications.

Design, Setting And Participants: Qualitative study with mainly individual in-depth semi-structured interviews conducted between June 2007 and June 2009.

Do physicians improve their communication skills between finishing medical school and completing internship? A nationwide prospective observational cohort study.

Objective: To test whether young physicians improve their communication skills between graduating from medical school and completing clinical internship, and to explore contributing background and/or internship factors.

Methods: Norwegian medical students graduating June 2004 were invited to take part in a videotaped standardized patient interview February 2004. Of the 111 students who originally participated, 62 completed a second interview February 2006.

Medical students' cognitive and affective attitudes towards learning and using communication skills--a nationwide cross-sectional study.

Aims: We wanted to explore cognitive and affective attitudes towards communication skills among students in Norwegian medical schools.

Method: 1833 (60% response rate) medical students at the four medical schools in Norway filled in questionnaires by the end of term in May 2003. The Communication Skills Attitudes Scale (CSAS) was used for assessing affective and cognitive attitudes separately.

Observed communication skills: how do they relate to the consultation content? A nation-wide study of graduate medical students seeing a standardized patient for a first-time consultation in a general practice setting.

Background: In this study, we wanted to investigate the relationship between background variables, communication skills, and the bio-psychosocial content of a medical consultation in a general practice setting with a standardized patient.

Methods: Final-year medical school students (N = 111) carried out a consultation with an actor playing the role of a patient with a specific somatic complaint, psychosocial stressors, and concerns about cancer. Based on videotapes, communication skills and consultation content were scored separately.

Curriculum factors influencing knowledge of communication skills among medical students.

Background: Communication training builds on the assumption that understanding of the concepts related to professional communication facilitates the training. We know little about whether students' knowledge of clinical communication skills is affected by their attendance of communication training courses, or to what degree other elements of the clinical training or curriculum design also play a role. The aim of this study was to determine which elements of the curriculum influence acquisition of knowledge regarding clinical communication skills by medical students.

Assessing medical students' attitudes towards learning communication skills--which components of attitudes do we measure?

Background: The Communication Skills Attitudes Scale (CSAS) created by Rees, Sheard and Davies and published in 2002 has been a widely used instrument for measuring medical students' attitudes towards learning communication skills. Earlier studies have shown that the CSAS mainly tests two dimensions of attitudes towards communication; positive attitudes (PAS) and negative attitudes (NAS). The objectives of our study are to explore the attitudes of Norwegian medical students towards learning communication skills, and to compare our findings with reports from other countries.

Does change from a traditional to a new medical curriculum reduce negative attitudes among students? A quasi-experimental study.

The authors investigated whether a new type of medical school curriculum-with problem-based learning, integrated preclinical and clinical phases, and increased levels of contact between students, patients and teachers--is associated with lower levels of students' negative attitudes towards medical training than is a traditional medical school curriculum. This association was found, and was confirmed by a comparison between students in a university that had changed from a traditional curriculum to a new curriculum. Curriculum design may explain differences in students' attitudes towards medical school.