Automated Measurement of Strabismus Angle Using a Commercial Virtual Reality Headset.

Current clinical measurements of strabismus angles (SAs) are manual and require a skilled examiner and active cooperation by patients. This results in high interexaminer variability, and clinical use is limited by the availability of trained examiners. An objective and automated procedure, independent of the examiner, would be useful.

Expanding Genotype/Phenotype Correlation in 2p11.2-p12 Microdeletion Syndrome.

Chromosomal abnormalities on the short arm of chromosome 2 in the region p11.2 have been associated with developmental delay, intellectual disability, facial anomalies, abnormal ears, skeletal and genital malformations. Here we describe a patient with a de novo interstitial heterozygous microdeletion on the short arm of chromosome 2 in the region p11.

Detection of Relative Afferent Pupillary Defects Using Eye Tracking and a VR Headset.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of detecting relative afferent pupillary defects (RAPDs) using a commercial virtual reality headset equipped with an eye tracker.

Methods: This is a cross-sectional study in which we compare the new computerized RAPD test with the traditional clinical standard using the swinging flashlight test. Eighty-two participants including 20 healthy volunteers aged 10 to 88 years were enrolled in this study.

Visual Outcomes in Surgically Treated Intracranial Meningiomas.

Background: Intracranial meningiomas that arise from the medial sphenoid ridge, anterior clinoid process, tuberculum sellae, or planum sphenoidale often impair vision by compressing the optic nerves and optic chiasm. Although many studies have reported visual outcome following surgery for these tumors, documentation has often been incomplete and not validated by patient self-report.

Methods: Retrospective study of 40 patients drawn from a single, academic, medical center.

Evaluation of diagnostic criteria and red flags of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein encephalomyelitis in a clinical routine cohort.

Aims: Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies (MOG-IgG) have been proposed to define "MOG encephalomyelitis" (MOG-EM), with published diagnostic and "red flag" criteria. We aimed to evaluate these criteria in a routine clinical setting.

Methods: We retrospectively analyzed patients with borderline/positive MOG-IgG and applied the diagnostic and red flag criteria to determine likelihood of MOG-EM diagnosis.

Differences in morphology and visual function of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody and multiple sclerosis associated optic neuritis.

Background: Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein immunoglobulin G associated optic neuritis (MOG-ON) is a recently described entity. Recent studies have shown that MOG-ON has a more severe clinical presentation than classic optic neuritis (ON).

Objective: This study aimed to define morphological characteristics of MOG-ON, correlate these with clinical characteristics and compare them with multiple sclerosis associated ON (MS-ON) and healthy controls (CTRL).

Homonymous hemiatrophy of ganglion cell layer from retrochiasmal lesions in the visual pathway.

Objective: To determine the temporal evolution, morphology, and frequency of macular ganglion cell atrophy in patients with retrochiasmal lesions of the visual pathway.

Methods: In a consecutive retrospective case series, we identified 47 patients with homonymous hemianopia and accessible macular optical coherence tomography scans. We estimated the time of lesion onset and the location of the lesion within the afferent visual pathway.

PATIENTS WITH EPIRETINAL MEMBRANES DISPLAY RETROGRADE MACULOPATHY AFTER SURGICAL PEELING OF THE INTERNAL LIMITING MEMBRANE.

Purpose: Intraretinal cystoid spaces are commonly found after surgical peeling of epiretinal membranes. In this study, we explored whether these cysts were associated with ganglion cell loss and thus might be a manifestation of retrograde maculopathy. The latter is a nonvascular edema with a characteristic morphology that is often found in the inner nuclear layer (INL) of patients with optic neuropathy.

Accuracy and Reliability of a Handheld, Nonmydriatic Fundus Camera for the Remote Detection of Optic Disc Edema.

Background: Optic disc edema can be an important indicator of serious neurological disease, but is poorly detected using the direct ophthalmoscope. Portable fundus photography may overcome this difficulty.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of a handheld, nonmydriatic fundus camera for the detection of optic disc edema.

Retrograde Maculopathy in Patients With Glaucoma.

Purpose: Macular optical coherence tomography (OCT) analysis can be used for quantitative measures of optic nerve atrophy at a location far from the optic nerve head. This recently led to the finding of microcystic macular edema (MME), that is vacuolar inclusions in the macular inner nuclear layer, in some glaucoma patients. The involvement of individual retinal layers is yet unclear in glaucoma.

Persistent diplopia and superior oblique muscle dysfunction following dissection of the orbital periosteum in cranial base surgery.

Background/aims: Persistent diplopia secondary to a fourth cranial nerve palsy is poorly documented after open cranial base surgery.

Methods: Six cases of fourth cranial nerve palsy after cranial base surgery were drawn from the Neuro-Ophthalmology and Head and Neck Surgery Clinics at the University of Michigan from 2004 to 2012.

Results: Six patients developed diplopia and ocular misalignment in a pattern suggestive of superior oblique palsy following dissection of the medial orbital periosteum as part of a surgical approach to the anterior cranial base.

Homonymous hemianopia from infarction of the optic tract and lateral geniculate nucleus in deep cerebral venous thrombosis.

A 20-year-old man developed right homonymous hemianopia, hemiparesis, and hemisensory loss from deep cerebral venous thrombosis in the setting of high altitude. Approximately 3 months later, brain MRI showed encephalomalacia of the left optic tract and lateral geniculate nucleus, as well as signal abnormalities of the internal capsule and posterolateral thalamus. Homonymous hemianopia has previously been described in 1 case after deep cerebral venous thrombosis but without detailed neuroimaging features.

Adverse events after pars plana vitrectomy among medicare beneficiaries.

Objectives: To assess the complication rates of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) among older Americans and to determine whether rates of adverse events and additional operations have changed during the past decade.

Methods: Claims data were reviewed to identify all adults aged 68 years or older in the 5% Medicare sample who underwent their first PPV during 1994-1995, 1999-2000, and 2004-2005. One-year rates of severe complications (endophthalmitis, suprachoroidal hemorrhage, or retinal detachment), less severe complications, receipt of an additional operation, and blindness were calculated and compared among the 3 groups using Cox regression.

A case of purtscher-like retinopathy following a motor vehicle accident.

Purpose: To describe a case of Purtscher-like retinopathy following seat belt compression of the chest in a motor vehicle accident.

Methods: Case report.

Results: A 53-year-old woman developed Purtscher-like retinopathy following compression of the chest by her seat belt in a motor vehicle accident.