Habitat fragmentation, tree diversity, and plant invasion interact to structure forest caterpillar communities.

Habitat fragmentation and invasive species are two of the most prominent threats to terrestrial ecosystems. Few studies have examined how these factors interact to influence the diversity of natural communities, particularly primary consumers. Here, we examined the effects of forest fragmentation and invasion of exotic honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii, Caprifoliaceae) on the abundance and diversity of the dominant forest herbivores: woody plant-feeding Lepidoptera.

Evolutionary diversification of the gall midge genus Asteromyia (Cecidomyiidae) in a multitrophic ecological context.

Gall-forming insects provide ideal systems to analyze the evolution of host-parasite interactions and understand the ecological interactions that contribute to evolutionary diversification. Flies in the family Cecidomyiidae represent the largest radiation of gall-forming insects and are characterized by complex trophic interactions with plants, fungal symbionts, and predators. We analyzed the phylogenetic history and evolutionary associations of the North American cecidomyiid genus Asteromyia, which is engaged in a complex and perhaps co-evolving community of interactions with host-plants, fungi, and parasitoids.

Capsular phimosis following phacotrabeculectomy.

Three cases of severe capsular phimosis following augmented phacotrabeculectomy complicated by intense postoperative fibrinous uveitis are described. The marked inflammation was possibly related to the combined procedure itself, the excessive intraoperative manipulation to stretch the pupil, and the compromised blood-aqueous barrier after prolonged use of pilocarpine. The combination of fibrinous uveitis and the small size of capsulorhexis attained through a stretched pupil are possible risk factors for developing severe capsular phimosis in the absence of zonular weakness or preoperative uveitis.

Use of Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy.

Surgery for cataract removal has become successively refined such that posterior capsular opacification is the most common problem presenting after modern cataract extraction. Various techniques and treatments exist to manage patients with posterior capsular opacification using Nd:YAG capsulotomy. There are many possible variations in initial assessment, pre-laser treatments, laser techniques, and follow-up routines.