Inappropriate diet and hygiene status affect the progression of diabetic kidney disease by causing dysbiosis.

Objective: Although the effects of an unhealthy diet on the risks of diabetes and its renal complications are well understood, the effects of hygiene status have not been fully elucidated.

Research Methods And Procedures: We created four groups of mice according to the diet fed (standard [SD] or high-fat [HFD]) and their living environment (conventional [CV] or specific pathogen-free [SPF]), and characterized the extent of their kidney pathology, their gut microbiota, and their fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations.

Results: The body masses and glycated hemoglobin levels of the HFD and CV groups were significantly higher than those of the SD and SPF groups, respectively.

A longer-chain acylated derivative of Dictyostelium differentiation-inducing factor-1 enhances the antimalarial activity against Plasmodium parasites.

The spread of malarial parasites resistant to first-line treatments such as artemisinin combination therapies is a global health concern. Differentiation-inducing factor 1 (DIF-1) is a chlorinated alkylphenone (1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) hexan-1-one) originally found in the cellular slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum. We previously showed that some derivatives of DIF-1, particularly DIF-1(+2) (1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) octan-1-one), exert potent antimalarial activities.

The fluid factor OVGP1 provides a significant oviductal microenvironment for the reproductive process in golden hamster†.

The mammalian oviductal lumen is a specialized chamber that provides an environment that strictly regulates fertilization and early embryogenesis, but the regulatory mechanisms to gametes and zygotes are unclear. We evaluated the oviductal regulation of early embryonic development using Ovgp1 (encoding an oviductal humoral factor, OVGP1)-knockout golden hamsters. The experimental results revealed the following: (1) female Ovgp1-knockout hamsters failed to produce litters; (2) in the oviducts of Ovgp1-knockout animals, fertilized eggs were sometimes identified, but their morphology showed abnormal features; (3) the number of implantations in the Ovgp1-knockout females was low; (4) even if implantations occurred, the embryos developed abnormally and eventually died; and (5) Ovgp1-knockout female ovaries transferred to wild-type females resulted in the production of Ovgp1-knockout egg-derived OVGP1-null litters, but the reverse experiment did not.

Polatuzumab vedotin pharmacokinetics in a hemodialysis patient with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

Purpose: Chemotherapy for the hemodialysis (HD) patient is a challenging situation because it requires special considerations including dose modifications and timing of drug administration in relation with HD sessions. Polaltuzumab vedotin (PV), an antibody-drug conjugate in which monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) is linked to an anti-CD79b monoclonal antibody, is an extremely promising therapeutic for treating diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), but the pharmacokinetics are unknown in HD patients.

Methods: We carried out pharmacokinetic studies of PV when administered at 1.

Physical inactivity induces insulin resistance in plantaris muscle through protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B activation in mice.

Inactivity causes insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and exacerbates various lifestyle-related diseases. We previously found that 24-h hindlimb cast immobilization (HCI) of the predominantly slow-twitch soleus muscle increased intramyocellular diacylglycerol (IMDG) and insulin resistance by activation of lipin1, and HCI after a high-fat diet (HFD) further aggravated insulin resistance. Here, we investigated the effects of HCI on the fast-twitch-predominant plantaris muscle.

The Effect of Long-Term Inorganic Iodine on Intrathyroidal Iodothyronine Content and Gene Expression in Mice with Graves' Hyperthyroidism.

The main molecular mechanism underlying acute suppression of iodine organification in normal thyroids after an excessive iodine load, that is, the Wolff-Chaikoff effect, is assumed to be suppression of iodine oxidation and iodothyronine synthesis. However, the mechanism underlying chronic antithyroid action of inorganic iodine in Graves' disease is not fully understood. Using a mouse model of Graves' hyperthyroidism, we examined changes in iodothyronine content and gene expression profiles in the thyroid glands after inorganic iodine loading.

Biochemical characterization of mitochondria from adult worms and plerocercoid larvae of Spirometra mansoni shows mixed populations of anaerobic and aerobic mitochondria.

The mitochondria of adult and plerocercoid Spirometra mansoni were characterized in isolated mitochondria and in situ by electron microscopic histochemistry with special attention to the respiratory chain. Although the specific activities of the constituent enzyme complexes of succinate oxidase are fairly similar in adult and plerocercoid mitochondria, those of succinate oxidase and NADH-FRD are approximately 4- and 25-fold higher in adult mitochondria than in plerocercoid mitochondria, respectively. Quinone analysis by high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry showed that adult and plerocercoid mitochondria contained both rhodoquinone-10 and ubiquinone-10 at concentrations of 4.

Development of a Non-invasive Diagnostic Method for Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Exhaled Breath.

Objectives: Since esophageal carcinoma progresses asymptomatically, for many patients the disease is already advanced at the time of diagnosis. The main methods that are currently used to diagnose esophageal carcinoma are upper gastrointestinal radiographic contrast examinations and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, but early discovery of this disease remains difficult. There is a need to develop a diagnostic method using biomarkers that is non-invasive while both highly sensitive and specific.

A Comprehensive Analysis of Plasma Cytokines and Metabolites Shows an Association between Galectin-9 and Changes in Peripheral Lymphocyte Subset Percentages Following Coix Seed Consumption.

We previously reported that healthy adult males who consumed coix seeds for 1 week demonstrated an increased intestinal abundance of and altered peripheral lymphocyte subset percentages. However, the mechanism underlining these effects has not been elucidated. Therefore, cytokines and metabolites in plasma obtained in this study are comprehensively analyzed.

Short-term physical inactivity induces diacylglycerol accumulation and insulin resistance in muscle via lipin1 activation.

Physical inactivity impairs muscle insulin sensitivity. However, its mechanism is unclear. To model physical inactivity, we applied 24-h hind-limb cast immobilization (HCI) to mice with normal or high-fat diet (HFD) and evaluated intramyocellular lipids and the insulin signaling pathway in the soleus muscle.

Correction: Targeting mantle cell lymphoma metabolism and survival through simultaneous blockade of mTOR and nuclear transporter exportin-1.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16602.

A metabolic profile of polyamines in parkinson disease: A promising biomarker.

Objective: Aging is the highest risk factor for Parkinson disease (PD). Under physiological conditions, spermidine and spermine experimentally enhance longevity via autophagy induction. Accordingly, we evaluated the ability of each polyamine metabolite to act as an age-related, diagnostic, and severity-associated PD biomarker.

Inhibition of FAO in AML co-cultured with BM adipocytes: mechanisms of survival and chemosensitization to cytarabine.

Adipocytes are the prevalent stromal cell type in adult bone marrow (BM), and leukemia cells continuously adapt to deficiency of nutrients acquiring chemoresistant profiles in the BM microenvironment. We have previously shown that fatty acid metabolism is a key energy pathway for survival of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells in the adipocyte-abundant BM microenvironment. The novel fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) inhibitor avocatin B, an odd-numbered carbon lipid derived from the avocado fruit, induced apoptosis and growth inhibition in mono-cultured AML cells.

Choline-related metabolites influenced by feeding patterns in preterm and term infants.

This study was performed to examine the choline status on term and preterm infants using urinary metabolome analysis. Samples were collected from 19 term and 20 preterm infants between 15 days and 1 month, respectively. The infants were separated into four groups: the term-breast group (TB,  = 13), the term-formula group (TF,  = 6), the preterm-breast (PB,  = 11), and the preterm-mixed group (PM,  = 9).

Characteristics of hepatic insulin-sensitive nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) plays a crucial role in type 2 diabetes and hepatocellular carcinoma. The major underlying pathogenesis is hepatic insulin resistance. The aim of the present study was to characterize patients with NAFLD with paradoxically normal hepatic insulin sensitivity relative to patients with NAFLD with hepatic insulin resistance.

Serum caffeine and metabolites are reliable biomarkers of early Parkinson disease.

Objective: To investigate the kinetics and metabolism of caffeine in serum from patients with Parkinson disease (PD) and controls using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Methods: Levels of caffeine and its 11 metabolites in serum from 108 patients with PD and 31 age-matched healthy controls were examined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Mutations in caffeine-associated genes were screened by direct sequencing.

A pilot study of the effect of human breast milk on urinary metabolome analysis in infants.

Background: This study aimed to examine the nutritional effect of breast feeding on healthy term infants by using urinary metabolome analysis.

Methods: Urine samples were collected from 19 and 14 infants at 1 and 6 months, respectively. Infants were separated into two groups: the breast-fed group receiving <540 mL/week of their intake from formula (n=13 at 1 month; n=9 at 6 months); and the formula-fed group receiving no breast milk (BM) (n=6 at 1 month; n=5 at 6 months).

Targeting mantle cell lymphoma metabolism and survival through simultaneous blockade of mTOR and nuclear transporter exportin-1.

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive B-cell lymphoma with poor prognosis, characterized by aberrant expression of growth-regulating and oncogenic effectors and requiring novel anticancer strategies. The nuclear transporter exportin-1 (XPO1) is highly expressed in MCL and is associated with its pathogenesis. mTOR signaling, a central regulator of cell metabolism, is frequently activated in MCL and is also an important therapeutic target in this cancer.

Amino-group carrier-protein-mediated secondary metabolite biosynthesis in Streptomyces.

Amino-group carrier proteins (AmCPs) mediate the biosynthesis of lysine and arginine in some bacteria and archaea. Here we demonstrate that an uncharacterized AmCP-mediated biosynthetic system functions to biosynthesize the previously uncharacterized and nonproteinogenic amino acid (2S,6R)-diamino-(5R,7)-dihydroxy-heptanoic acid (DADH) in Streptomyces sp. SANK 60404.

Combination of glycopyrronium and indacaterol inhibits carbachol-induced ERK5 signal in fibrotic processes.

Background: Airway fibrosis is one of the pathological features of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and recent studies revealed that acetylcholine plays an important role in the development of airway remodeling by stimulating proliferation and collagen synthesis of lung fibroblasts. This study was designed to examine the effects of a long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonist (LAMA) glycopyrronium and a long-acting β2 adrenergic receptor agonist (LABA) indacaterol on acetylcholine-mediated fibrotic responses in lung fibroblasts.

Methods: After carbachol (CCh) or transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) exposure, the response to glycopyrronium and indacaterol was determined in vitro in fibroblasts isolated from mild-to-moderate COPD lung tissue.

Relation Between Insulin Sensitivity and Metabolic Abnormalities in Japanese Men With BMI of 23-25 kg/m.

Context: Although metabolic abnormalities are often developed in Asians with body mass index (BMI) of 23-25 kg/m, the characteristics of the nonobese Asians with metabolic abnormality have not been fully understood.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of insulin sensitivity in Japanese men with BMI of 23-25 kg/m.

Design And Participants: In this study, we defined hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia as cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs).

Differential remodelling of peroxisome function underpins the environmental and metabolic adaptability of diplonemids and kinetoplastids.

The remodelling of organelle function is increasingly appreciated as a central driver of eukaryotic biodiversity and evolution. Kinetoplastids including Trypanosoma and Leishmania have evolved specialized peroxisomes, called glycosomes. Glycosomes uniquely contain a glycolytic pathway as well as other enzymes, which underpin the physiological flexibility of these major human pathogens.

Absence of Elovl6 attenuates steatohepatitis but promotes gallstone formation in a lithogenic diet-fed Ldlr(-/-) mouse model.

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a progressive form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) that can develop into liver cirrhosis and cancer. Elongation of very long chain fatty acids (ELOVL) family member 6 (Elovl6) is a microsomal enzyme that regulates the elongation of C12-16 saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (FAs). We have previously shown that Elovl6 plays an important role in the development of hepatic insulin resistance and NASH by modifying FA composition.