Do Dynamic Fat and Fat-Free Mass Changes follow Theoretical Driven Rules in Athletes?

Introduction: Maximizing fat mass (FM) loss while preserving or increasing fat-free mass (FFM) is a central goal for athletic performance but the composition of body weight (BW) changes over time with training are largely unknown.

Purpose: We aimed to analyze FM and FFM contributions to BW changes and to test if these contributions follow established rules and predictions over one athletic season.

Methods: Seventy athletes (42 men; handball, volleyball, basketball, triathlon, and swimming) were evaluated from the beginning to the competitive stage of the season and were empirically divided into those who lost (n = 20) or gained >1.

Energy Balance over One Athletic Season.

Introduction: Magnitude and variation in energy balance (EB) components over an athletic season are largely unknown.

Purpose: We investigated the longitudinal changes in EB over one season and explored the association between EB variation and change in the main fat-free mass (FFM) components in highly trained athletes.

Methods: Eighty athletes (54 males; handball, volleyball, basketball, triathlete, and swimming) were evaluated from the beginning of the season to the main competition stage.

Tri-Ponderal Mass Index vs Body Mass Index in Estimating Body Fat During Adolescence.

Importance: Body mass index (BMI) is used to diagnose obesity in adolescents worldwide, despite evidence that weight does not scale with height squared in adolescents. To account for this, health care providers diagnose obesity using BMI percentiles for each age (BMI z scores), but this does not ensure that BMI is accurate in adolescents.

Objective: To compare the accuracy of BMI vs other body fat indices of the form body mass divided by heightn in estimating body fat levels in adolescents.

Pomegranate juice and extract extended lifespan and reduced intestinal fat deposition in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Pomegranate juice with a high content of polyphenols, pomegranate extract, ellagic acid, and urolithin A, have anti-oxidant and anti-obesity effects in humans. Pomegranate juice extends lifespan of . () (n = 6) compared to the control group in each treatment, lifespan was increased by pomegranate juice in wild type (N2, 56 %, P < 0.

Diagnosing Sarcopenia in Male Patients With Cirrhosis by Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Estimates of Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass.

Background: Ascites in cirrhotic patients interfere with accurate assessment of skeletal muscle when diagnosing sarcopenia. We hypothesized measurement of appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI) with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) improves the diagnosis of sarcopenia in cirrhotic patients as ASMI does not include the fluid-filled abdominal compartment.

Objective: To evaluate if ASMI is influenced by ascites, lower limb edema (LLE) and predicts mortality alone or combined with handgrip strength (HGS) in cirrhotic patients.

Phase angle obtained by bioelectrical impedance analysis independently predicts mortality in patients with cirrhosis.

Aim: To evaluate the prognostic value of the phase angle (PA) obtained from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) for mortality prediction in patients with cirrhosis.

Methods: In total, 134 male cirrhotic patients prospectively completed clinical evaluations and nutritional assessment by BIA to obtain PAs during a 36-mo follow-up period. Mortality risk was analyzed by applying the PA cutoff point recently proposed as a malnutrition marker (PA ≤ 4.

Type 2 Diabetes Remission After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: Evidence for Increased Expression of Jejunal Genes Encoding Regenerating Pancreatic Islet-Derived Proteins as a Potential Mechanism.

Background: Intestinal expression of regenerating pancreatic islet-derived protein-encoding genes (REG) would be enhanced after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and would affect postoperative type 2 diabetes remission (T2Dr).

Methods: Intestinal biopsy samples were collected from 20 adult obese women with T2D before and 3 months after RYGB. Levels of REG expression and the gene encoding its putative receptor (EXTL3) were assessed by microarray and validated by quantitative RT-PCR.

Bioelectrical impedance analysis for diagnosing sarcopenia and cachexia: what are we really estimating?

As reference methods are not available for identifying low skeletal muscle mass in clinical practice, the European Group on Sarcopenia in Older People the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia and the International Consensus for Cancer Cachexia guidelines accept bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) as an option for sarcopenia and cachexia assessment. Using different BIA equations, several components that represent 'muscularity' can be assessed. Total skeletal muscle mass or appendicular skeletal muscle mass normalized in relation to height (skeletal muscle mass index or appendicular skeletal muscle index, respectively) is the most common term used in the consensus.

Compensatory Changes in Energy Balance Regulation over One Athletic Season.

Purpose: Mechanisms in energy balance (EB) regulation may include compensatory changes in energy intake (EI) and metabolic adaption (MA), but information is unavailable in athletes who often change EB components. We aim to investigate EB regulation compensatory mechanisms over one athletic season.

Methods: Fifty-seven athletes (39 males/18 females; handball, volleyball, basketball, triathlon, and swimming) were evaluated from the beginning to the competitive phase of the season.

A new universal dynamic model to describe eating rate and cumulative intake curves.

Background: Attempts to model cumulative intake curves with quadratic functions have not simultaneously taken gustatory stimulation, satiation, and maximal food intake into account.

Objective: Our aim was to develop a dynamic model for cumulative intake curves that captures gustatory stimulation, satiation, and maximal food intake.

Design: We developed a first-principles model describing cumulative intake that universally describes gustatory stimulation, satiation, and maximal food intake using 3 key parameters: 1) the initial eating rate, 2) the effective duration of eating, and 3) the maximal food intake.

Gastrointestinal Transcriptomic Response of Metabolic Vitamin B12 Pathways in Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass.

Objectives: Vitamin B12 (B12) deficiency after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is highly prevalent and may contribute to postoperative complications. Decreased production of intrinsic factor owing to gastric fundus removal is thought to have a major role, but other components of B12 metabolism may also be affected. We evaluated changes in the expression levels of multiple B12 pathway-encoding genes in gastrointestinal (GI) tissues to evaluate the potential roles in contributing to post-RYGB B12 deficiency.

Diabetes prevalence is associated with different community factors in the diabetes belt versus the rest of the United States.

Objective: To investigate differences in community characteristics associated with diabetes prevalence between the Diabetes Belt and the rest of the contiguous United States (U.S.) METHODS: County-level adult diabetes prevalence estimates (i.

Assessment of human energy exchange: historical overview.

Energy exchange is fundamental to life and is a cornerstone in the study of human physiology, metabolism and nutrition. A global effort is underway to further our understanding of human energy exchange and its components as a means of establishing the mechanistic underpinnings of the evolving obesity and chronic disease epidemics. The current report establishes a conceptual historical framework for examining the evolution of energy exchange concepts and measurement methods.

The SURMetaGIT study: Design and rationale for a prospective pan-omics examination of the gastrointestinal response to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery.

Objective To describe the protocol of the SURgically induced Metabolic effects on the Human GastroIntestinal Tract (SURMetaGIT) study, a clinical pan-omics study exploring the gastrointestinal tract as a central organ driving remission of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). The main points considered in the study's design and challenges faced in its application are detailed. Methods This observational, longitudinal, prospective study involved collection of gastrointestinal biopsy specimens, faeces, urine, and blood from 25 obese women with T2DM who were candidates for RYGB (20 patients for omics assessment and 5 for omics validation).

Lower Doses of Fructose Extend Lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Epidemiological studies indicate that the increased consumption of sugars including sucrose and fructose in beverages correlate with the prevalence of obesity, type-2 diabetes, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypertension in humans. A few reports suggest that fructose extends lifespan in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In Anopheles gambiae, fructose, glucose, or glucose plus fructose also extended lifespan.

Association of serum albumin and aspartate transaminase with 5-year all-cause mortality in HIV/hepatitis C virus coinfection and HIV monoinfection.

Objective: Liver disease markers have been associated with mortality in HIV-infected individuals in the modern era of effective antiretroviral therapy. Our objective was to determine which markers are most predictive of mortality in HIV-monoinfected and HIV/hepatitis C virus (HCV)-coinfected persons.

Research Design And Methods: We measured serum albumin, total protein, calculated globulin, aspartate transaminase (AST), and alanine transaminase in 193 HIV/HCV-coinfected and 720 HIV-monoinfected persons in the study of Fat Redistribution and Metabolic Change in HIV Infection.

Phase Angle and Impedance Ratio: Reference Cut-Points From the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004 From Bioimpedance Spectroscopy Data.

Background: Raw bioimpedance parameters (eg, 50-kHz phase angle [PA] and 200-kHz/5-kHz impedance ratio [IR]) have been investigated as predictors of nutrition status and/or clinical outcomes. However, their validity as prognostic measures depends on the availability of appropriate reference data. Using a large and ethnically diverse data set, we aimed to determine if ethnicity influences these measures and provide expanded bioimpedance reference data for the U.

Relationship between body fat and BMI in a US hispanic population-based cohort study: Results from HCHS/SOL.

Objective: To evaluate the percentage of body fat (%BF)-BMI relationship, identify %BF levels corresponding to adult BMI cut points, and examine %BF-BMI agreement in a diverse Hispanic/Latino population.

Methods: %BF by bioelectrical impedance analysis was corrected against %BF by (18) O dilution in 434 participants of the ancillary Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. Corrected %BF was regressed against 1/BMI in the parent study (n = 15,261), fitting models for each age group, by sex, and Hispanic/Latino background; predicted %BF was then computed for each BMI cut point.