PD-L1 pathway as a novel target in carcinosarcoma of the kidney and renal pelvis.

Carcinosarcoma of the kidney and renal pelvis (CSKP) is a rare and highly-aggressive malignancy characterized by rapid progression and widespread metastases. To date, few studies describe the natural history of the disease. We present a patient placed on pembrolizumab therapy for suspected metastatic colon cancer.

Can components of the plasminogen activation system predict the outcome of kidney transplants?

Proteolytic and antiproteolytic enzymes play a critical role in the physiology and pathology of different stages of human life. One of the important members of the proteolytic family is the plasminogen activation system (PAS), which includes several elements crucial for this review: the 50 kDa glycoprotein plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) that inhibits tissue-type (tPA) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). These two convert plasminogen into its active form named plasmin that can lyse a broad spectrum of proteins.

A penal problem: the increasing incidence of implantation of penile foreign bodies.

Our objective is to describe a novel presentation of subcutaneous penile insertion of foreign bodies. This is a practice performed globally and mostly has been reported outside of the United States. We present three cases of incarcerated males that implanted sculpted dominos into the penile subcutaneous tissue.