A decrease in PPD specific CD4 T cell CD38 and HLA-DR expression in pulmonary tuberculosis patients after 8 weeks of therapy correlates with successful anti-tuberculosis treatment.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major health problem in Indonesia with a million new cases each year. The CD4 T cell adaptive immune response against (MTB) is central to the control of this disease. We investigated whether standard therapy of TB causes changes to these cells in the early stages of treatment.

HIRA-TAN detects pathogens of pneumonia with a progressive course despite antibiotic treatment.

Background: Empiric antibiotics are administered for pneumonia when the causative pathogens are unidentified. Pathogen-directed therapy is impeded by negative culture results and/or culture time lag. This circumstance necessitates a salvage method for pathogen identification, especially when antibiotic therapy has failed.