WITHDRAWN: Music for pain relief.

2011: this review is being updated by a new author team who are preparing a new protocol. This update is due to be published in 2011. The replacement protocol was published in September 2011 (Bradshaw DH, Brown CJ, Cepeda MS, Pace NL.

An N-of-1 trial as an aid to decision-making prior to implanting a permanent spinal cord stimulator.

Objective: Limited evidence supports the efficacy of spinal cord stimulation (SCS). Therefore, it is crucial to assess the usefulness of this invasive procedure before implanting permanent electrodes in each patient. An N-of-1 trial is an experiment in which a single participant undergoes periods of comparative treatments.

Addition of ultralow dose naloxone to postoperative morphine PCA: unchanged analgesia and opioid requirement but decreased incidence of opioid side effects.

Ultralow doses of naloxone (0.001-0.1 microg/kg) produce analgesia in animal models.