Decrease Retinal Thickness in Patients with Chronic Migraine Evaluated by Optical Coherence Tomography.

The purpose of this study is to determine the possible alterations that may occur in the thickness of the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), and macular thickness in patients with chronic migraines compared with healthy controls. Hence, we examined some of the possibilities that are offered by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in order to study different neurological diseases and to study its application, in this case, how it may be applied to patients with chronic migraines. This was an observational cross-sectional study in adults aged 18-65 years.

Cardiovascular risk in subjects over 55 years of age and cognitive performance after five years. NEDICES2-RISK study. Study protocol.

Background: Cognitive impairment and dementia have a high prevalence among the elderly and cause significant socio-economic impact. Any progress in their prevention can benefit millions of people. Current data indicate that cardiovascular risk (CVR) factors increase the risk of developing cognitive impairment and dementia.

Differentially Aquaporin 5 Expression in Submandibular Glands and Cerebral Cortex in Alzheimer's Disease.

Impaired brain clearance mechanisms may result in the accumulation of aberrant proteins that define Alzheimer's disease (AD). The water channel protein astrocytic aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is essential for brain amyloid-β clearance, but it is known to be abnormally expressed in AD brains. The expression of AQPs is differentially regulated during diverse brain injuries, but, whereas AQP4 expression and function have been studied in AD, less is known about AQP5.

Lactoferrin as Immune-Enhancement Strategy for SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Alzheimer's Disease Patients.

Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) (COVID-19) causes severe acute respiratory syndrome. Severe illness of COVID-19 largely occurs in older people and recent evidence indicates that demented patients have higher risk for COVID-19. Additionally, COVID-19 further enhances the vulnerability of older adults with cognitive damage.

The health status: the ignored risk factor in dementia incidence. NEDICES cohort.

Background: The causes of the dementia decrease in affluent countries are not well known but health amelioration could probably play a major role. Nevertheless, although many vascular and systemic disorders in adult life are well-known risk factors (RF) for dementia and Alzheimer disease (AD), health status is rarely considered as a single RF.

Aim: To analyse whether the health status and the self-perceived health (SPH) could be RF for dementia and AD and to discuss its biological basis.

Presence of Extra-Criteria Antiphospholipid Antibodies Is an Independent Risk Factor for Ischemic Stroke.

Ischemic stroke is the most common and severe arterial thrombotic event in Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). APS is an autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of thrombosis and antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL), which provide a pro-coagulant state. The aPL included in the classification criteria are lupus anticoagulant, anti-cardiolipin (aCL) and anti-β2-glycoprotein-I antibodies (aB2GPI) of IgG and IgM isotypes.

Is milk and dairy intake a preventive factor for elderly cognition (dementia and Alzheimer's)? A quality review of cohort surveys.

Milk and dairy (M&D) is a longstanding human food with widespread use. Many studies showed the preventive capacity of M&D in several human health disorders, but its utility in others is under discussion. Aging has been associated to elderly cognitive decline including dementia-Alzheimer syndrome (Dem-AD).

Peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thinning in genetic generalized epilepsy.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) between patients with genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE) and healthy controls.

Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted on adults aged 18-60 years. The study group comprised 26 consecutive patients who met the inclusion criteria and 26 healthy age- and sex-matched healthy adults.

Neurological Disorders in Central Spain, Second Survey: Feasibility Pilot Observational Study.

Background: The Neurological Disorders in Central Spain, second survey (NEDICES-2) is a population-based, closed-cohort study that will include over 8000 subjects aged ≥55 years. It will also include a biobank.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate all major aspects of the NEDICES-2 (methods, database, screening instruments, and questionnaires, as well as interexpert rating of the neurological diagnoses) in each one of the planned areas (all of them in central Spain) and to test the possibility of obtaining biological samples from each participant.

Cognition in non-demented Parkinson's disease vs essential tremor: A population-based study.

Objectives: Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and essential tremor (ET) have a higher risk of cognitive impairment than age-matched controls. Only a few small studies (11-18 subjects per group) have directly compared the cognitive profile of these conditions. Our aim was to compare the cognitive profile of patients with these two conditions to each other and to healthy individuals in a population-based study of non-demented participants.

Physical activity and long-term mortality risk in older adults: A prospective population based study (NEDICES).

To analyze whether Physical activity (PA) reduces mortality risk at thirteen years' follow-up in a population-based cohort of Spanish older adults. The NEDICES (Neurological Disorders in Central Spain) is a prospective population-based survey of older adults (age ≥ 65 years) that comprised 5278 participants at baseline. A modified version of the Rosow-Breslau questionnaire was applied to categorize the PA (sedentary, light, moderate and high) and dates of death were collected from the Official Spanish Death Registry.

Prognostic Significance of Mild Cognitive Impairment Subtypes for Dementia and Mortality: Data from the NEDICES Cohort.

Background: The predictive value of diverse subtypes of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) for dementia and death is highly variable.

Objective: To compare the predictive value of several MCI subtypes in progression to dementia and/or mortality in the NEDICES (Neurological Disorders in Central Spain) elderly cohort.

Methods: Retrospect algorithmic MCI subgroups were established in a non-dementia baseline NEDICES cohort using Spanish adaptations of the original Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-37) and Pfeffer's Functional Activities Questionnaire (Pfeffer-11).

Inter-Rater Agreement in the Clinical Diagnosis of Essential Tremor: Data from the NEDICES-2 Pilot Study.

Background: Our aim was to assess the diagnostic agreement among the neurologists in the Neurological Disorders in Central Spain 2 (NEDICES-2) study; these neurologists were assigning diagnoses of essential tremor (ET) vs. no ET.

Methods: Clinical histories and standardized video-taped neurological examinations of 26 individuals (11 ET, seven Parkinson's disease, three diagnostically unclear, four normal, one with a tremor disorder other than ET) were provided to seven consultant neurologists, six neurology residents, and five neurology research fellows (18 neurologists total).

Obesity and impaired cognitive functioning in the elderly: a population-based cross-sectional study (NEDICES).

Background And Purpose: Studies of high body mass index (BMI) and cognition in the elderly have shown conflicting results. While some studies have shown a detrimental effect of high BMI on cognitive function, others have observed beneficial effects on cognition. Our aim was to assess cognitive function in a large population-based sample of overweight (BMI 25-29.

Higher glutamate to glutamine ratios in occipital regions in women with migraine during the interictal state.

Background: Glutamate (Glu) and glutamine (Gln) are strongly compartmentalized (in neurons for Glu and in astrocytes for Gln). The visual cortex is the brain region with a higher neuron/astrocyte ratio (the highest neuronal density and the relatively lowest density of astrocytes). Elevations in extracellular Glu or potassium above certain thresholds are likely candidates to be the final common steps in the multiple distinct processes that can lead to cortical spreading depression.

A systematic review of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials examining the clinical efficacy of vitamin D in multiple sclerosis.

Background: An association between multiple sclerosis (MS) prevalence as well as MS mortality and vitamin D nutrition has led to the hypothesis that high levels of vitamin D could be beneficial for MS. The purpose of this systematic review is to establish whether there is evidence for or against vitamin D in the treatment of MS.

Methods: Systematic literature searches were performed to locate randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials measuring the clinical effect of vitamin D on MS in human participants.

Infiltrative cervical lesions causing symptomatic occipital neuralgia.

Background: Occipital neuralgia is a well-recognized cause of posterior head and neck pain that may associate mild sensory changes in the cutaneous distribution of the occipital nerves, lacking a recognizable local structural aetiology in most cases. Atypical clinical features or an abnormal neurological examination are alerts for a potential underlying cause of pain, although cases of clinically typical occipital neuralgia as isolated manifestation of lesions of the cervical spinal cord, cervical roots, or occipital nerves have been increasingly reported.

Case Reports: We describe two cases (one with typical and another one with atypical clinical features) of occipital neuralgia secondary to paravertebral pyomyositis and vertebral relapse of multiple myeloma in patients with relevant medical history that aroused the possibility of an underlying structural lesion.

[Reversal of vision metamorphopsia as a manifestation of cerebellar infarct].

Introduction: Reversal of vision metamorphopsia is a disorder affecting the visuospatial perception of objects, without any changes in their shape, size or colour. It generally involves a full 180 degrees rotation of the visual field in the coronal plane. Its chief causation is vertebrobasilar ischaemia, although the phenomenon has also been linked to many other conditions, such as multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, migraine or traumatic head and neck injuries.

[Sensory ganglionopathy as a manifestation of celiac disease].

Introduction: The neurological manifestations of celiac disease (CD) may be caused by the disease itself, by associated autoimmune diseases or by complications from the tumours that may develop in the long term. We report a case of sensory ganglionopathy associated to CD.

Case Report: A 59-year-old female with chronic diarrhoea and loss of weight, who visited because of a clinical picture of gait disorders that progressed to the point where she was barely able to walk.

[What should a medical student know about neurology? A review].

Aim: To analyze the neurologic knowledge and abilities that the medical student should acquire during the undergraduated learning.

Development: A review of the neurologic knowledge and abilities that the undergraduate medical student should acquire was undertaken by a search in Medline. Also, an analysis of neurological programmes in the 28 webs of the Spanish universities with medical degree was performed.

Topiramate for patients with refractory migraine: an observational, multicenter study in Spain.

Introduction: The efficacy of current preventive migraine treatments is limited. In addition, tolerability problems are not infrequent.

Objectives: To check our experience with topiramate in the treatment of patients with refractory migraine.