Risk Factors for Unfavorable Outcomes in Surgically Treated Brainstem Cavernous Malformations.

Objective: Brainstem cavernous malformations (BSCMs) account for up to 18% of all intracranial cavernous malformations. Due to their complex anatomic location, they represent a significant challenge for neurosurgeons. As such, the identification of risk factors associated with negative outcomes is of significant importance.