Tolerability and safety of GS-101 eye drops, an antisense oligonucleotide to insulin receptor substrate-1: a 'first in man' phase I investigation.

Aims: GS-101 (GeneSignal, Epalinges, Switzerland) is an antisense oligonucleotide that inhibits the expression of the scaffold protein insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1). Inhibition of IRS-1 results in the prevention of neovascular growth and was shown to prevent the angiogenic process in preclinical in vitro and in vivo experiments. There is therefore a strong therapeutic rational for targeting angiogenesis in pathological neovascularization.

Human connective tissue growth factor mRNA expression of epiretinal and subretinal fibrovascular membranes: a report of three cases.

Purpose: To investigate the correlation between connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) mRNA expression and immunohistochemical characteristics (expression of type I collagen and tenascin) of fibrovascular membranes of proliferative retinal diseases under in vivo conditions.

Methods: CTGF mRNA expression was investigated using in situ hybridization. Expression of type I collagen and tenascin was detected by immunohistochemical staining.