[School entry examinations in the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) from 1949 to 1989 - An overview of formal and content-related implementation].

Aim Of The Study: Summarising the formal and substantive enrolment practice of school entry examinations (SEU) in the German Democratic Republic (GDR).

Methods: Through a systematic literature review using a conventional as well as internet-based sources, specialised literature on specific topics and original documents were made available following selected search terms to capture essential characteristics of SEU in the GDR and to present them in a general context.

Results: In the GDR, regular school enrolment took place at the age of 6, although SEU implementation practice during the 1950s and 1960s was fundamentally inconsistent in terms of form and content.

[Infection epidemiological effects of school closures during the second COVID-19 pandemic wave-an exemplary analysis within a lower Bavarian region].

Background: The rapid global spread of the SARS-CoV‑2 virus during the COVID-19 pandemic led to widespread non-pharmaceutical interventions, such as school closures, to curb infections. This study investigates the influence of school closures on the number of new infections to reduce the existing knowledge gap in this area.

Methods: The effect of school closures starting on 16 December 2020, was quantified using COVID-19 infection data from the district and city of Landshut in Bavaria between November 2020 and January 2021.

[The tele-emergency physician system as a tool in preclinical emergency care: A stocktaking report on the quality of care based on selected characteristics].

Introduction: Due to the increasing proportion of older people in the German population, the age group-specific burden of disease is also rising, which consequently leads to an escalating need for emergency medical care in the preclinical sector. Within the German health care system, the growing shortage of physicians and the associated deficit of emergency physicians are further aggravating factors, which can lead to relevant gaps in care.

Methods: Through a systematic literature search for the period from January 1, 2000 to March 1, 2023 on prehospital telemedical emergency services (tele-EMS), selected quantitative and qualitative characteristics according to the PICOS scheme and the PRISMA statement were made available as examples; these were then used to critically categorize the quality of telemedically supported emergency care in Germany.

[Narcotic Use under Probation and Parole Supervision - A longitudinal Study of Risk-group-specific Recidivism under Abstinence Conditions].

Study Objective: The aim of this long-term study was to record substance-specific prevalences of illegal use of narcotics despite court-imposed abstinence requirements.

Methods: Urine assays were obtained by a public health department on the basis of administrative assistance for the probation department of a district court. The individual and valid allocation of these urine samples was ensured using a proven marker system.

[Urine Screening for Narcotics under Court-Imposed Abstinence Requirements: Comparative Validity of Forensic-Toxicological Analyses with Involvement of Public Health Services].

Aim Of The Study: Assessment of the comparative validity between qualitative and quantitative analyses of urine screenings for defined narcotics residues under court-imposed abstinence restrictions.

Methods: Following the introduction of a valid marker system which, based on the application of a defined sugar substance and its detection in the urine of person under probation in 2006, urine samples were assayed in administrative cooperation by a Bavarian public health office for probationary services for evidence of narcotics. The urine samples were sent to an external laboratory in order to carry out forensic toxicological analyses for defined narcotics.

[Association Between Grounds for Legal Commitment to a Psychiatric Facility and Assessment of Fitness to Drive: An Orientating Analysis of the Relevance of Driving-Related Medicine to the National Health Service and Other Implicated Actors].

Aim Of The Study: The objective of this analysis was to record the social and epidemiological characteristics of a specific sample population, as well as to identify any associations between a previous commitment to a public facility on legal grounds and subsequent assessments of an individual's fitness to drive as per the National Health Service (or "ÖGD").

Methods: For the retrospective data analysis, the documents of 87 subjects were evaluated who had been committed to public psychiatric institutions on legal grounds between 2015 and 2019. Using the SAS software package, frequency distributions and statistical relationships were identified between specific features of the commitment to accommodation and the assessment of fitness to drive by means of Chi-squared testing.

[Preventive Check-ups and Routine Vaccinations in Pre-school Children - An Analysis of Mutual Participation Behaviour, Taking into Account Living Conditions].

Aim Of The Study: Preventive screenings and vaccinations are essential health protecting measures in childhood, but no quantitative data on mutual distribution patterns of acceptance are available. The aim of the study was the quantification of distribution patterns and the identification of associations between preventive check-ups and defined routine vaccinations for children starting school, taking into account the social environment.

Methods: The 2015 school entrance health checks included documented preventive screenings and routine vaccinations on a city-wide basis.

[The Asian Tiger Mosquito (Aedes albopictus) as a Challenge for the Public Health Service: An Example of a Risk Management Strategy Adapted to the Situation at the Local Level].

Aim Of The Study: Case report on risk management for the epidemiology of an infectious disease threat scenario at the municipal level using the example of the Asian tiger mosquito (ATM) with communication of figures based on experience to stakeholders in the public health service METHODS: Formal and substantive presentation of a list of defined control measures together with site-specific modification and evaluation of efficacy RESULTS: Based on a timely education campaign, establishment of a population of ATM first observed in the fall of 2016 could be prevented at the local level. With favourable low temperatures during the 2016/2017 winter months, primarily physical control methods were effective. In the spring of 2017, ATM was no longer detected by a total of 4 monitoring units, each with a suction trap and 3 passive traps.

Socio-economic, infrastructural and health-related risk factors associated with adverse heat-health effects reportedly experienced during hot weather in South Africa.

Introduction: Poor urban communities are likely to bear the brunt of climate change impacts on health and well-being. The City of Johannesburg, South Africa, is predicted to experience an average increase in ambient temperature of 4°C by 2100. Focusing on the urban environment, this study aimed to determine socio-economic, infrastructural and health-related risk factors for heat-related adverse health effects.

[Competing Validity of Developmental Diagnostic in School Entry Examination: Results of a Census in an Upper Bavarian District].

Aim Of The Study: Evaluation of the concurrent validity of a modified Bavarian model (BM) compared to the social-paediatric screening of developmental status for school entry (SOPESS) as a reference tool.

Methods: A total of 407 preschoolers to be enrolled for the school year 2015 in an Upper Bavarian District were examined by BM and SOPESS. As a measure of the concurrent validity, the Kappa by Cohen (ĸ) was used.

Influence of kindergarten on numbers of multiple developmental delays in preschoolers: an analysis over 14 years.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to calculate the impact that the duration of attendance and the location of the kindergarten (rural versus urban) has on the prevalence of multiple delays in preschool children.

Methods: We analyzed data from 14,068 preschool children, over a period of 14 consecutive years (1997-2010) from the Bavarian Pre-School Morbidity Survey using software package SPSS 21.0.

Time trends and determinants of multiple development delays in Bavarian preschool children: a retrospective analysis from 1997 to 2010.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify the time trends of multiple developmental delays and to determine the strength of selected factors influencing preschool child's development.

Methods: We reviewed the records of 13,876 preschoolers in a district of Lower Bavaria to determine prevalence and time trends of combined developmental delays from 1997 to 2010. The effect of age, sex and nationality on development was estimated by using regression models.

[Exercise scenario of a highly contagious, life-threatening disease in intercontinental aviation : a case report in the context of the International Health Regulations (IHR)].

Background: The International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005 were conformed to German law on July 20, 2007 and described in detail by the Implementing Act (IHR DG). According to these legal bases, "designated airports" must maintain special capacities for protection against health threats, and are also responsible for performing regular IHR exercises.

Objectives: Representation of the optimization of established operational concepts of various professions to manage infectious biological threats without obstruction of international travel, and mediation of experience to IHR professionals.

Clustering of developmental delays in Bavarian preschool children - a repeated cross-sectional survey over a period of 12 years.

Background: While most children display a normal development, some children experience developmental delays compared to age specific development milestones assessed during school entry examination. Data exist on prevalence of delays in single areas, but there is lack of knowledge regarding the clustering patterns of developmental delays and their determinants.

Methods: During the observation period 1997-2008, 12 399 preschool children (5-7 years of age) in one district of Bavaria, Germany, were assessed in twelve schooling-relevant development areas.

Outbreak-related mumps vaccine effectiveness among a cohort of children and of young adults in Germany 2011.

Mumps outbreaks in populations with high 2-dose vaccination coverage and among young adults are increasingly reported. However, data on the duration of vaccine-induced protection conferred by mumps vaccines are scarce. As part of a supra-regional outbreak in Germany 2010/11, we conducted two retrospective cohort studies in a primary school and among adult ice hockey teams to determine mumps vaccine effectiveness (VE).

Individual development of preschool children-prevalences and determinants of delays in Germany: a cross-sectional study in Southern Bavaria.

Background: Even minor abnormalities of early child development may have dramatic long term consequences. Accurate prevalence rates for a range of developmental impairments have been difficult to establish. Since related studies have used different methodological approaches, direct comparisons of the prevalence of developmental delays are difficult.

Kindergarten attendance may reduce developmental impairments in children: results from the Bavarian Pre-School Morbidity Survey.

Background: The relative risks and benefits of children attending kindergarten or pre-school remain uncertain and controversial. We used data from the Bavarian Pre-School Morbidity Survey (BPMS) to look at the prevalence of developmental impairments in pre-school children entering primary school and to assess if these were correlated with the duration of kindergarten attendance.

Methods: We collected data from all school beginners in the district of Dingolfing, Bavaria from 2004 to 2007 (n = 4,005) and utilised a retrospective cross-sectional study design to review the information.

Association between acculturation and childhood vaccination coverage in migrant populations: a population based study from a rural region in Bavaria, Germany.

Objectives: The aim of our analysis was to investigate the association between acculturation and the vaccination coverage among pre-school children.

Methods: We performed a study of vaccination status for measles-mumps-rubella and hepatitis B among pre-school children, during mandatory school entry examinations, in a district of Bavaria, Germany, in 2004 and 2005 (N = 2,043). Prior to the examinations, parents were asked to fill out a self-administered questionnaire assessing socio-demographic information, including variables related to migration background (response rate 73%, N = 1,481).

Associations between preschool attendance and developmental impairments in pre-school children in a six-year retrospective survey.

Background: Many school-aged children suffer physical and mental impairments which can adversely affect their development and result in significant morbidity. A high proportion of children in western countries attend pre-school, and it is likely that the preschool environment influences the prevalence and severity of these impairments. Currently there is insufficient data available on the prevalence of these impairments and their causal associations.