Validation of the Nelwan Score as a screening tool for the diagnosis of typhoid fever in adults in Indonesia.

Introduction: Typhoid fever diagnosis is challenging for clinicians in areas with limited laboratory facilities. Scoring methods based on signs and symptoms are useful for screening for probable cases of typhoid fever. The Nelwan Score variables are derived from the clinical signs and symptoms of patients with suspected typhoid.

Clinical Evaluation of HIV/AIDS Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy using HIV Symptoms Index: A reliability and Applicability Evaluation using Indonesian Language.

Background: HIV/AIDS is a chronic, lifelong disease with a wide clinical spectrum which could decrease the quality of life. Objective symptoms measurement is important because it is correlated to treatment adherence and progressivity of the disease. Currently, there is no clinical tool available to evaluate symptoms of HIV infection and the treatment's side effect for the outpatient setting.

Prognostic accuracy of the quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA)-lactate criteria for mortality in adults with suspected bacterial infection in the emergency department of a hospital with limited resources.

Background: Routine use of the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score to prognosticate patients with sepsis is challenged by the requirement to perform numerous laboratory tests. The prognostic accuracy of the quick SOFA (qSOFA) without or with lactate criteria has not been prospectively investigated in low and middle income countries. We assessed the performance of simplified prognosis criteria using qSOFA-lactate criteria in the emergency department of a hospital with limited resources, in comparison with SOFA prognosis criteria and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) screening criteria.

Associations between impulsivity, risk behavior and HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis seroprevalence among female prisoners in Indonesia: A cross-sectional study.

HIV, hepatitis B and C, and syphilis share common transmission routes of which primarily unsafe sexual contact and injecting drug use are important. Impulsivity is a major factor contributing to this transmission risk behavior; however comprehensive studies within female, prison, and Asian populations are scarce. This cross-sectional study aims to delineate the contributions of different aspects of impulsivity to risk behavior, among female inmates living in a prison in Jakarta (N = 214).

Routine or targeted HIV screening of Indonesian prisoners.

Purpose: Routine HIV screening of prisoners is generally recommended, but rarely implemented in low-resource settings. Targeted screening can be used as an alternative. Both strategies may provide an opportunity to start HIV treatment but no formal comparisons have been done of these two strategies.

EFFECT OF HIV PREVENTION AND TREATMENT PROGRAM ON HIV AND HCV TRANSMISSION AND HIV MORTALITY AT AN INDONESIAN NARCOTIC PRISON.

Validated data regarding HIV-transmission in prisons in developing countries is scarce. We examined sexual and injecting drug use behavior and HIV and HCV transmission in an Indonesian narcotic prison during the implementation of an HIV prevention and treatment program during 2004-2007 when the Banceuy Narcotic Prison in Indonesia conducted an HIV transmission prevention program to provide 1) HIV education, 2) voluntary HIV testing and counseling, 3) condom supply, 4) prevention of rape and sexual violence, 5) antiretroviral treatment for HIV-positive prisoners and 6) methadone maintenance treatment. During a first survey that was conducted between 2007 and 2009, new prisoners entered Banceuy Narcotics Prison were voluntary tested for HIV and HCV-infection after written informed consent was obtained.

Predictors of five days mortality in diabetic ketoacidosis patients: a prospective cohort study.

Aim: to determine the role of serum lactate and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) severity as predictors for five-days mortality in DKA patients.

Methods: a prospective cohort study was conducted in DKA patients admitted to emergency department (ED) at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia, during 2007-2008 periods. Predictors for 5 days mortality in DKA patients in this study including serum lactate and DKA severity (plasma glucose, arterial blood pH, serum bicarbonate, osmolality, anion gap, and alteration in sensorium) at admission.

The indonesian variants of CRF33_01B: Near-full length sequence analysis.

Cocirculation of subtype B and CRF01_AE in Southeast Asia has led to the establishment of new recombinant forms. In our previous study, we found five samples suspected of being recombinants between subtype B and CRF01_AE, and here, we analyzed near full-length sequences of two samples and compared them to known CRFs_01B, subtype B, and CRF01_AE. Five overlapped segments were amplified with nested PCR from PBMC DNA, sequenced, and analyzed for genome mosaicism.

Human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B and hepatitis C in an Indonesian prison: prevalence, risk factors and implications of HIV screening.

Objective: To determine the prevalence and behavioural correlates of HIV, HBV and HCV infections among Indonesian prisoners and to examine the impact of voluntary counselling and testing for all incoming prisoners on access to antiretroviral treatment (ART).

Methods: In a non-anonymous survey in an Indonesian prison for drug-related offences, all incoming prisoners and symptomatic resident prisoners were counselled and offered testing for HIV, hepatitis B and C.

Results: Screening was performed in 679 incoming prisoners, of whom 639 (94.

Current HIV type 1 molecular epidemiology profile and identification of unique recombinant forms in Jakarta, Indonesia.

HIV infection is a major problem in Indonesia. The number of people living with HIV has been increasing from year to year, especially among injecting drug users (IDUs). Since there were only limited data about molecular epidemiology profiles of HIV/AIDS in Indonesia, a cross-sectional study involving 208 HIV-1-seropositive individuals was conducted in 2007 in Jakarta.

Indonesian prisons and HIV: part of the problem, part of the solution?

Around the world, HIV-prevalence rates among prisoners are high compared to the general population. This is due to overrepresentation of injecting drug users (IDUs) in prison and possible HIV-transmission inside prison. Limited health services in penitentiary institutes, stigma, policy issues, and budgetary constraints may hamper delivery of appropriate services for HIV in prison.

An open pilot study of the efficacy and safety of Polygeline in adult subjects with dengue haemorrhagic fever.

Aim: To observe the efficacy and safety of Polygeline colloid (Haemaccel) in adults with stage I - II of dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF).

Methods: An open, non-comparative clinical trial. The subjects were male or female between 17 - 55 years old, who fulfilled the criteria of stage I or II of DHF according to WHO and selected with consecutive sampling.

Open study on efficacy and tolerability of ciprofloxacin XR compared with ciprofloxacin BID in the treatment of typhoid fever.

Aim: To compare the efficacy and tolerability of ciproflaxin extended-release and ciproflaxin intermediate release in the treatment of typhoid fever.

Methods: A prospective, open labelled, clinical trial, comparing the safety and efficacy of extended-release ciprofloxacin 1000 mg once daily (Ciprofloxacin XR) and ciprofloxacin intermediate release 500 mg two times daily (Ciprofloxacin bid) was performed in adult with typhoid fever. Diagnosis for typhoid fever was based on Widal serology test, blood culture and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for Salmonella typhi.

Opportunistic infection of HIV-infected/AIDS patients in Indonesia: problems and challenge.

Infectious diseases are one of the biggest health-problem in the world, while HIV/AIDS itself ranks second in mortality. The latest situation shows a remarkable increase of HIV/AIDS cases in Indonesia. About 90.

Endotoxin in patients with terminal renal failure undergoing dialysis with re-processing dialyser.

Aim: to determine the level of endotoxin in the blood of patients with renal failure prior to and following hemodialysis using re-processing dialyser to know possibility of pyrogenic reactions in hemodialysis patients.

Methods: this study subjects consisted of 10 patients with terminal renal failure undergoing regular hemodialysis. The collected samples were then sent in frozen condition for endotoxin examination in Japan.

Clinical and laboratory manifestations of typhoid fever at Persahabatan Hospital, Jakarta.

Aim: To determine clinical, and therapeutic characteristics, and antibiotic susceptibility test results for typhoid fever.

Methods: A retrospective study using data from medical records of all typhoid fever subjects which is confirmed by blood culture positive for S. typhi or S.