Energy expenditure estimation during activities of daily living in middle-aged and older adults using an accelerometer integrated into a hearing aid.

Background: Accelerometers were traditionally worn on the hip to estimate energy expenditure (EE) during physical activity but are increasingly replaced by products worn on the wrist to enhance wear compliance, despite potential compromises in EE estimation accuracy. In the older population, where the prevalence of hearing loss is higher, a new, integrated option may arise. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the accuracy and precision of EE estimates using an accelerometer integrated into a hearing aid and compare its performance with sensors simultaneously worn on the wrist and hip.

Myeloid cell expression of CD200R is modulated in active TB disease and regulates infection in a biomimetic model.

A robust immune response is required for resistance to pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), the primary disease caused by (). However, pharmaceutical inhibition of T cell immune checkpoint molecules can result in the rapid development of active disease in latently infected individuals, indicating the importance of T cell immune regulation. In this study, we investigated the potential role of CD200R during infection, a key immune checkpoint for myeloid cells.

Magnetic resonance imaging shows spinal curvature in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) is associated with chronic inflammation of peri-vertebral soft tissues.

Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) farmed in New Zealand are known to develop abnormal spinal curvature late in seawater production. Its cause is presently unknown, but there is evidence to suggest a neuromuscular pathology. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we evaluated the relationship between soft tissue pathology and spinal curvature in farmed Chinook salmon.

Metabolic resilience of the Australasian snapper () to marine heatwaves and hypoxia.

Marine organisms are under threat from a simultaneous combination of climate change stressors, including warming sea surface temperatures (SST), marine heatwave (MHW) episodes, and hypoxic events. This study sought to investigate the impacts of these stressors on the Australasian snapper () - a finfish species of high commercial and recreational importance, from the largest snapper fishery in Aotearoa New Zealand (SNA1). A MHW scenario was simulated from 21°C (current February SST average for north-eastern New Zealand) to a future predicted level of 25°C, with the whole-animal and mitochondrial metabolic performance of snapper in response to hypoxia and elevated temperature tested after 1-, 10-, and 30-days of thermal challenge.

Impact of early antiretroviral therapy, early life immunity and immune sex differences on HIV disease and posttreatment control in children.

Purpose Of Review: To review recent insights into the factors affecting HIV disease progression in children living with HIV, contrasting outcomes: following early ART initiation with those in natural, antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive infection; in children versus adults; and in female individuals versus male individuals.

Recent Findings: Early life immune polarization and several factors associated with mother-to-child transmission of HIV result in an ineffective HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell response and rapid disease progression in most children living with HIV. However, the same factors result in low immune activation and antiviral efficacy mediated mainly through natural killer cell responses in children and are central features of posttreatment control.

Electron transfer and ROS production in brain mitochondria of intertidal and subtidal triplefin fish (Tripterygiidae).

While oxygen is essential for oxidative phosphorylation, O can form reactive species (ROS) when interacting with electrons of mitochondrial electron transport system. ROS is dependent on O pressure (PO) and has traditionally been assessed in O saturated media, PO at which mitochondria do not typically function in vivo. Mitochondrial ROS can be significantly elevated by the respiratory complex II substrate succinate, which can accumulate within hypoxic tissues, and this is exacerbated further with reoxygenation.

The relationships between specific dynamic action, nutrient retention and feed conversion ratio in farmed freshwater Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha).

Improving the feed conversion ratio (FCR; the amount of feed consumed relative to the amount of weight gain) can reduce both production costs and environmental impacts of farmed fish. The aim of this study was to investigate what drives FCR to understand how nutrients are retained, as well as the amount of oxygen consumed for digestion, absorption and assimilation (a metabolic process known as specific dynamic action, SDA). Feed-efficient and inefficient Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in fresh water were identified using ballotini beads and X-radiography that tracked individual feed intake across three assessment periods under satiated feeding.

Single-cell profiling of environmental enteropathy reveals signatures of epithelial remodeling and immune activation.

Environmental enteropathy (EE) is a subclinical condition of the small intestine that is highly prevalent in low- and middle-income countries. It is thought to be a key contributing factor to childhood malnutrition, growth stunting, and diminished oral vaccine responses. Although EE has been shown to be the by-product of a recurrent enteric infection, its full pathophysiology remains unclear.

Optimised adaptive procedures and analysis methods for conducting speech-in-noise tests.

Objective: Speech-in-noise testing is a valuable part of audiological test batteries. Test standardisation using precise methods is desirable for ease of administration. This study investigated the accuracy and reliability of different Bayesian and non-Bayesian adaptive procedures and analysis methods for conducting speech-in-noise testing.

Role of Early Life Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte and Natural Killer Cell Immunity in Paediatric HIV Cure/Remission in the Anti-Retroviral Therapy Era.

Only three well-characterised cases of functional cure have been described in paediatric HIV infection over the past decade. This underlines the fact that early initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), whilst minimising the size of the viral reservoir, is insufficient to achieve cure, unless other factors contribute. In this review, we consider these additional factors that may facilitate functional cure in paediatric infection.

Irreversible depletion of intestinal CD4+ T cells is associated with T cell activation during chronic HIV infection.

HIV infection in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is thought to be central to HIV progression, but knowledge of this interaction is primarily limited to cohorts within Westernized countries. Here, we present a large cohort recruited from high HIV endemic areas in South Africa and found that people living with HIV (PLWH) presented at a younger age for investigation in the GI clinic. We identified severe CD4+ T cell depletion in the GI tract, which was greater in the small intestine than in the large intestine and not correlated with years on antiretroviral treatment (ART) or plasma viremia.

The Role of Information Avoidance in Managing Uncertainty from Conflicting Recommendations about Electronic Cigarettes.

Insufficient scientific evidence about electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has led to conflicting recommendations (CRs) by credible scientific organizations, creating a public health debate that could prove especially difficult to reconcile as current and former smokers make decisions about whether to use e-cigarettes. To investigate how CRs about e-cigarettes may affect intentions to engage in healthy behaviors, 717 former and current smokers were randomly exposed to one of five conditions (varying in the level of conflict in recommendations) in this between-subject experiment. Our results indicated a significant interaction between the message level of conflict and individuals' information avoidance, employed to maintain hope and deniability.

Light Dark Matter Search with a High-Resolution Athermal Phonon Detector Operated above Ground.

We present limits on spin-independent dark matter-nucleon interactions using a 10.6 g Si athermal phonon detector with a baseline energy resolution of σ_{E}=3.86±0.

HIV infection drives interferon signaling within intestinal SARS-CoV-2 target cells.

SARS-CoV-2 infects epithelial cells of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract and causes related symptoms. HIV infection impairs gut homeostasis and is associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 fatality. To investigate the potential link between these observations, we analyzed single-cell transcriptional profiles and SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor expression across lymphoid and mucosal human tissue from chronically HIV-infected individuals and uninfected controls.

Burnout Syndrome prevalence among nursing technicians of an Adult Intensive Care Unit.

Objective: to verify Burnout Syndrome prevalence among nursing technicians of an adult Intensive Care Unit and associate prevalence with sociodemographic and clinical data.

Method: a cross-sectional study carried out in an adult Intensive Care Unit of a large public hospital in southern Brazil, between March and April/2018. Prevalence was assessed using the Maslach Burnout Inventory.

Radiographic characterisation of spinal curvature development in farmed New Zealand Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha throughout seawater production.

Spinal anomalies are a recognised source of downgrading in finfish aquaculture, but identifying their cause(s) is difficult and often requires extensive knowledge of the underlying pathology. Late-onset spinal curvatures (lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis) can affect up to 40% of farmed New Zealand Chinook (king) salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) at harvest, but little is known about their pathogenesis. Curvature development was radiographically documented in two related cohorts of commercially-farmed Chinook salmon throughout seawater production to determine (1) the timing of radiographic onset and relationships between (2) the curvature types, (3) the spinal regions in which they develop and (4) their associations with co-existing vertebral body anomalies (vertebral compression, fusion and vertical shift).

The safety of paediatric surgery between COVID-19 surges: an observational study.

Despite the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, elective paediatric surgery must continue safely through the first, second and subsequent waves of disease. This study presents outcome data from a children's hospital in north-west England, the region with the highest prevalence of COVID-19 in England. Children and young people undergoing elective surgery isolated within their household for 14 days, then presented for real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease-2 (SARS-CoV-2) within 72 h of their procedure (or rapid testing within 24 h in high-risk cases), and completed a screening questionnaire on admission.

Leveraging immersive technology to expand access to opioid overdose reversal training in community settings: Results from a randomized controlled equivalence trial.

Background: Immersive video (e.g. virtual reality) poses a promising and engaging alternative to standard in-person trainings and can potentially increase access to evidence-based opioid overdose prevention programs (OOPPs).

Elevated CO affects anxiety but not a range of other behaviours in juvenile yellowtail kingfish.

Elevated seawater CO can cause a range of behavioural impairments in marine fishes. However, most studies to date have been conducted on small benthic species and very little is known about how higher oceanic CO levels could affect the behaviour of large pelagic species. Here, we tested the effects of elevated CO, and where possible the interacting effects of high temperature, on a range of ecologically important behaviours (anxiety, routine activity, behavioural lateralization and visual acuity) in juvenile yellowtail kingfish, Seriola lalandi.

Acute high temperature exposure impairs hypoxia tolerance in an intertidal fish.

Acute heat shock has previously been shown to improve subsequent low O2 (hypoxia) tolerance in an intertidal fish species, a process known as cross-tolerance, but it is not known whether this is a widespread phenomenon. This study examined whether a rock pool specialist, the triplefin fish Bellapiscis medius, exhibits heat shock induced cross-tolerance to hypoxia, i.e.