Early preclinical studies of discriminable sedative and hallucinogenic drug effects.

Rationale: One important technique in behavioral pharmacology is to train laboratory animals to discriminate between a psychoactive drug effect and a nondrug condition. Tests with different drugs have identified several categories of drugs that have different discriminable effects.

Objectives: The two authors describe and discuss the early research on discriminable effects of sedative and hallucinogenic drugs and their acquaintance with each other at Yale University prior to their early and frequent publications on discriminable drug effects.

Characters named Charles or Charley in novels by Charles Dickens.

12 fictional characters named Charles or Charley are contained in eight of the 14 completed novels by Charles Dickens. Most of the author's namesakes have humorous attributes, an unusually close relationship with one or more other characters, and a happy subsequent life. Three stages of the author's adult life are youthful, mature, and after separation from his wife.