An Ethical Examination of Donor Anonymity and a Defence of a Legal Ban on Anonymous Donation and the Establishment of a Central Register.

Many if not most sperm donors in the early years of IVF donated under conditions of anonymity. There is, however, a growing awareness of the ethical cost of withholding identifying parental information from donor children. Today, anonymous donation is illegal in many jurisdictions, and some jurisdictions have gone as far as retrospectively invalidating contracts whereby donors were guaranteed anonymity.

Reproductive Rights: Foetal Rights or Female Freedoms?

The article explores the tension between foetal rights and the gestational mother's rights, particularly the emergence of foetal rights cases in the laws of Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States, the legal philosophical tensions in the maternal-foetal relationship, and the moral dilemmas of foetal rights. The interests of the unborn child are raised in cases involving court-ordered caesarean sections and the legal personhood of the foetus. It is argued that the relevant factors to take into account in resolving the conundrum between the survivorship of the foetus and the gestational mother include determining the sentient status of the foetus and the degree of harm inflicted on the woman to rescue the foetus.

Poly[di(carboxylatophenoxy)phosphazene] is a potent adjuvant for intradermal immunization.

Intradermal immunization using microfabricated needles represents a potentially powerful technology, which can enhance immune responses and provide antigen sparing. Solid vaccine formulations, which can be coated onto microneedle patches suitable for simple administration, can also potentially offer improved shelf-life. However the approach is not fully compatible with many vaccine adjuvants including alum, the most common adjuvant used in the vaccine market globally.