Mechanisms of scaling up: combining a realist perspective and systems analysis to understand successfully scaled interventions.

Background: Sustainable shifts in population behaviours require system-level implementation and embeddedness of large-scale health interventions. This paper aims to understand how different contexts of scaling up interventions affect mechanisms to produce intended and unintended scale up outcomes.

Methods: A mixed method study combining a realist perspective and systems analysis (causal loop diagrams) of scaled-up physical activity and/or nutrition interventions implemented at a state/national level in Australia (2010-18).

Implementing physically active learning: Future directions for research, policy, and practice.

Purpose: To identify co-produced multi-stakeholder perspectives important for successful widespread physically active learning (PAL) adoption and implementation.

Methods: A total of 35 stakeholders (policymakers  = 9; commercial education sector,  = 8; teachers,  = 3; researchers,  = 15) attended a design thinking PAL workshop. Participants formed 5 multi-disciplinary groups with at least 1 representative from each stakeholder group.