Comparison between whole-body magnetic resonance imaging and whole-body metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy in the evaluation of primary tumor and metastases in neuroblastoma.

Background: Whole-body metaiodobenzylguanidine ( I-MIBG) scintigraphy is the gold standard method to detect neuroblastoma; however, it depends on radioactive material and is expensive. In contrast, whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI) is affordable in developing countries and has been shown to be effective in the evaluation of solid tumors. This study aimed to compare the sensitivity and specificity of WB-MRI with MIBG in the detection of primary tumors and neuroblastoma metastases.

Surgery in Bilateral Wilms Tumor-A Single-Center Experience.

The treatment of bilateral Wilms tumors (BWT) involves curing the cancer, preserving long-term renal function, and maintaining a good quality of life. Established methods for achieving these goals include preoperative chemotherapy and nephron-sparing surgery (NSS). This study aimed to evaluate the experience of a single institution in treating patients with BWT.

MRI Findings of Desmoplastic Infantile Ganglioglioma: A Case Report and Analysis.

Desmoplastic infantile gangliogliomas (DIG) are rare intracranial tumors that predominantly affect children. They are characterized by a mixture of glial and neuronal components interspersed with abundant fibrous stroma and are typically located on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres. In this case report, we present a seven-year-old male child with a late presentation of DIG, which is typically diagnosed between zero and 60 months of age.

Whole-Body MRI in Musculoskeletal Oncology: A Comprehensive Review with Recommendations.

Whole-body (WB) MRI has emerged as an attractive method for oncologic evaluation, potentially replacing conventional imaging modalities and providing a one-step wide-coverage assessment of both the skeleton and soft tissues. In addition to providing anatomic information, WB MRI may also yield a functional analysis with the inclusion of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). DWI translates microstructural changes, resulting in an excellent alternative to fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT.

Similarities and controversies in imaging of pediatric renal tumors: A SIOP-RTSG and COG collaboration.

Malignant renal tumors are rare in children, and Wilms tumors (WTs) are the most common subtype. Imaging plays an essential role in the diagnosis, staging, and follow-up of these patients. Initial workup for staging is mainly performed by cross-sectional imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Management of Pediatric Tumors With Vascular Extension.

Pediatric tumors can present with vascular extension to the inferior vena cava and right atrium, which impacts the surgical strategy and can be challenging during surgical treatment. Wilms tumor (WT) is the most common retroperitoneal tumor that can present with vascular extension, but also adrenal tumors, clear cell tumors from the kidney, and hepatoblastomas can present with this situation. Surgical aims include obtaining complete tumor resection without risk for patients, to avoid severe bleeding, cardiac arrest, and embolization, and to avoid cardiac bypass if possible.

Diagnostic Errors in Wilms' Tumors: Learning From Our Mistakes.

This study aimed to analyze clinical characteristics and image findings in patients initially diagnosed with renal masses and treated on the Société Internationale d'Oncologie Pédiatrique (SIOP) 2001 protocol for Wilms tumor (WT) that eventually were diagnosed with different pathologies. We reviewed the preoperative symptoms, laboratory tests, and images of patients who were initially treated for WT and proved to have other diagnoses. Data from these patients were compared to those of the last 10 patients with WT and the last 10 patients with neuroblastoma (NBL) treated at a single institution.

MRI Characteristics of Pediatric Renal Tumors: A SIOP-RTSG Radiology Panel Delphi Study.

Background: The SIOP-Renal Tumor Study Group (RTSG) does not advocate invasive procedures to determine histology before the start of therapy. This may induce misdiagnosis-based treatment initiation, but only for a relatively small percentage of approximately 10% of non-Wilms tumors (non-WTs). MRI could be useful for reducing misdiagnosis, but there is no global consensus on differentiating characteristics.

The Role of Whole-Body MRI in Pediatric Musculoskeletal Oncology: Current Concepts and Clinical Applications.

Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI) has gained importance in the field of musculoskeletal oncology over the last decades, consisting in a one-stop imaging method that allows a wide coverage assessment of both bone and soft tissue involvement. WB-MRI is valuable for diagnosis, staging, and follow-up in many oncologic diseases and is especially advantageous for the pediatric population since it avoids redundant examinations and exposure to ionizing radiation in patients who often undergo long-term surveillance. Its clinical application has been studied in many pediatric neoplasms, such as cancer predisposition syndromes, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, lymphoma, sarcomas, and neuroblastoma.

Dynamic evaluation of swallowing in pediatric patients with dysphagia: The Brazilian perspective.

Dynamic Evaluation of Swallowing (DES) is an exam which provides invaluable information on the swallowing function. This review describes the requirements, protocols and processes for DES in regions of Brazil. Dysphagia is a swallowing abnormality, in one or more swallowing phases, with risk and/or occurrence of aspiration, damage regarding nutrition and/or hydration and possible need of nonoral feeding methods.

Ultrasound as a Valuable Imaging Modality in Sclerosing Lymphocytic Lobulitis: Imaging Features Based on a Retrospective Cohort Analysis of 51 Cases.

Purpose: Sclerosing lymphocytic lobulitis (SLL) is a rare benign breast condition usually associated with diabetes mellitus and whose imaging features have been assessed in few studies, limiting the adoption of diagnostic guidelines. We aimed to identify the main morphological features associated with SLL on imaging examinations (mainly ultrasound and mammography) and to retrospectively evaluate the role that each method played in the diagnostic workup (detection and indication for biopsy).

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in a high-volume single center, encompassing 51 consecutive patients (100% female; 26-78 y; 43.

MRI as a complementary tool for the assessment of suspicious mammographic calcifications: Does it have a role?

Introduction: Mammography remains the standard imaging modality for the identification and characterization of breast calcifications. However, its low specificity results in high biopsy rates in cases of suspicious calcifications.

Objectives: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of MRI as an additional tool in the assessment of suspicious mammographic calcifications and to identify the enhancement patterns most related to malignancy.

Adiponectin is Increased in Pediatric Patients With Autoimmune Hepatitis Independent of Body Weight.

Objective: A high prevalence of obesity is reported in children and adolescents with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Adipokines participate in inflammatory processes. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between excess weight and systemic inflammation, adipokines, and ghrelin in adolescents with AIH.

A consensus document for the clinical management of invasive fungal diseases in pediatric patients with hematologic cancer and/or undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in Brazilian medical centers.

In the present paper we summarize the suggestions of a multidisciplinary group including experts in pediatric oncology and infectious diseases who reviewed the medical literature to elaborate a consensus document (CD) for the diagnosis and clinical management of invasive fungal diseases (IFDs) in children with hematologic cancer and those who underwent hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. All major multicenter studies designed to characterize the epidemiology of IFDs in children with cancer, as well as all randomized clinical trials addressing empirical and targeted antifungal therapy were reviewed. In the absence of randomized clinical trials, the best evidence available to support the recommendations were selected.

Temporal and Sequential Analysis of the Pharyngeal Phase of Swallowing in Poststroke Patients.

The purpose of this study was to conduct a quantitative analysis of the temporal and sequential events of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing in 45 poststroke patients who presented or did not present with supraglottic penetration and/or laryngotracheal aspiration and to compare the groups with each other and to a group of 46 patients with normal swallowing. All individuals were assessed by videofluoroscopy and the temporal and sequential measures for the swallowing of 3 mL and 5 mL of thickened liquid, 3 mL of liquid, and 3 mL and 5 mL of pasty were obtained by analyzing the recorded exams on Virtual Dub software. The following events were measured: time of maximal displacement and sustaining of the hyoid and larynx, duration of velopharyngeal sphincter (VS) and supraglottic closure, total inversion time of the epiglottis, duration of pharyngeal constriction, and duration of upper esophageal sphincter (UES) opening.

Irinotecan and vincristine for the treatment of refractory desmoplastic small round cell tumor in a developing country: a case report.

Introduction: Desmoplastic small round cell tumor is an extremely rare and aggressive cancer that affects mainly adolescents and young adults. Despite multiple therapeutic strategies, most patients have resistant disease with very poor survival rates.

Case Presentation: We present a case of a 10-year-old Caucasian boy with a desmoplastic small round cell tumor refractory to conventional treatment who exhibited a good response to alternative treatment.

Cognitive map to support the diagnosis of solitary bone tumors in pediatric patients.

Unlabelled: Abstract.

Objective: To present a cognitive map to support the radiological diagnosis of solitary bone tumors, as well as to facilitate the determination of the nature of the tumor (benign or malignant), in pediatric patients.

Materials And Methods: We selected 28 primary lesions in pediatric patients, and we identified the findings typically associated with each of the diagnoses.

Can diffusion-weighted whole-body MRI replace contrast-enhanced CT for initial staging of Hodgkin lymphoma in children and adolescents?

Background: Although positron emission tomography with 18F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG-PET/CT) has been recommended as the method of choice for lymphoma staging, it has limited availability in several countries, therefore, studies comparing whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to conventional staging methods or to FDG-PET/CT are an important tool to establish whole-body MRI as an alternative to these methods.

Objective: To compare whole-body MRI versus conventional imaging methods for staging of Hodgkin lymphoma in children and adolescents.

Materials And Methods: The study included 22 patients ages 5 to 21 years.

DO THE RADIOLOGICAL CRITERIA WITH THE USE OF RISK FACTORS IMPACT THE FORECASTING OF ABDOMINAL NEUROBLASTIC TUMOR RESECTION IN CHILDREN?

Background: The treatment of neuroblastoma is dependent on exquisite staging; is performed postoperatively and is dependent on the surgeon's expertise. The use of risk factors through imaging on diagnosis appears as predictive of resectability, complications and homogeneity in staging.

Aim: To evaluate the traditional resectability criteria with the risk factors for resectability, through the radiological images, in two moments: on diagnosis and in pre-surgical phase.

Preliminary report from the World Health Organisation Chest Radiography in Epidemiological Studies project.

Childhood pneumonia is among the leading infectious causes of mortality in children younger than 5 years of age globally. Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is the leading infectious cause of childhood bacterial pneumonia. The diagnosis of childhood pneumonia remains a critical epidemiological task for monitoring vaccine and treatment program effectiveness.

ASSESSMENT OF THE LATE EFFECTS ON BONES AND ON BODY COMPOSITION OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS TREATED FOR ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA ACCORDING TO BRAZILIAN PROTOCOLS.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of therapy on bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition in survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treated in accordance with Brazilian protocols by the Brazilian Cooperative Group of Treatment of Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Childhood (GBTLI) LLA-93 and LLA-99.

Methods: A cross-sectional study with 101 patients was performed. BMD and body composition were evaluated using bone densitometry and were interpreted according to the age group and the reference population.

Utility of the inspiratory phase in high-resolution computed tomography evaluations of pediatric patients with bronchiolitis obliterans after allogeneic bone marrow transplant: reducing patient radiation exposure.

Objective: To evaluate the utility of the inspiratory phase in high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the chest for the diagnosis of post-bone marrow transplantation bronchiolitis obliterans.

Materials And Methods: This was a retrospective, observational, cross-sectional study. We selected patients of either gender who underwent bone marrow transplantation and chest HRCT between March 1, 2002 and December 12, 2014.

Whole-body MRI in pediatric patients with cancer.

Cancer is the leading cause of natural death in the pediatric populations of developed countries, yet cure rates are greater than 70% when a cancer is diagnosed in its early stages. Recent advances in magnetic resonance imaging methods have markedly improved diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, while avoiding the risks of ionizing radiation that are associated with most conventional radiological methods, such as computed tomography and positron emission tomography/computed tomography. The advent of whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in association with the development of metabolic- and function-based techniques has led to the use of whole-body magnetic resonance imaging for the screening, diagnosis, staging, response assessment, and post-therapeutic follow-up of children with solid sporadic tumours or those with related genetic syndromes.