Synaptic targets of photoreceptors specialized to detect color and skylight polarization in .

Color and polarization provide complementary information about the world and are detected by specialized photoreceptors. However, the downstream neural circuits that process these distinct modalities are incompletely understood in any animal. Using electron microscopy, we have systematically reconstructed the synaptic targets of the photoreceptors specialized to detect color and skylight polarization in , and we have used light microscopy to confirm many of our findings.

Do phenotypic characteristics, parental psychopathology, family functioning, and environmental stressors have a role in the response to methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? A naturalistic study from a developing country.

Little is known about the effect of clinical characteristics, parental psychopathology, family functioning, and environmental stressors in the response to methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) followed up in a naturalistic setting. Data from cultures outside the United States are extremely scarce. This is a longitudinal study using a nonrandom assignment, quasi-experimental design.

Do hyperactive symptoms matter in ADHD-I restricted phenotype?

The objective of the current study was to evaluate a proposed restrictive inattentive type of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) by comparing clinical correlates among youths with ADHD inattentive type (ADHD-I) as a function of the number of hyperactivity symptoms presented (none vs. 3 or less) and controls (individuals without ADHD). The sample for this community-based study was comprised of youths aged 6 to 18 years from 12 public schools in Porto Alegre, Brazil.

Do sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms predict response to methylphenidate in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-inattentive type?

In this naturalistic study, we assessed the effect of sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) symptoms in the response to methylphenidate (MPH) in 88 children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-Inattentive Type (ADHD-I) according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4(th) edition (DSM-IV) criteria. SCT symptoms were assessed in these subjects by means of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) scale. The response to MPH after 1 month of treatment was assessed by parental scores in the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Questionnaire-Version IV (SNAP-IV) scale.

Switching from methylphenidate immediate release to MPH-SODAS in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Objective: To assess ADHD symptoms after switching from Methylphenidate Immediate-release (MPH-IR) to Methylphenidate Spheroidal Oral Drug Absorption System (MPH-SODAS) in clinically stable patients with ADHD and to identify predictors of dissatisfaction with MPH-SODAS.

Methods: This is an 8-week open clinical trial. Patients were assigned to MPH-SODAS according to their pre-study dose of MPH-IR.