Plasma Exosome-Enriched Extracellular Vesicles From Lactating Mothers With Type 1 Diabetes Contain Aberrant Levels of miRNAs During the Postpartum Period.

Type 1 diabetes is an immune-driven disease, where the insulin-producing beta cells from the pancreatic islets of Langerhans becomes target of immune-mediated destruction. Several studies have highlighted the implication of circulating and exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) in type 1 diabetes, underlining its biomarker value and novel therapeutic potential. Recently, we discovered that exosome-enriched extracellular vesicles carry altered levels of both known and novel miRNAs in breast milk from lactating mothers with type 1 diabetes.

, a Candidate Gene for Type 1 Diabetes, Regulates β-Cell Apoptosis and Glycemic Control in Newly Diagnosed Patients.

The single nucleotide polymorphism rs7804356 located in the Src kinase-associated phosphoprotein 2 () gene is associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D), suggesting as a causal candidate gene. The objective of the study was to investigate if SKAP2 has a functional role in the β-cells in relation to T1D. In a cohort of children with newly diagnosed T1D, rs7804356 predicted glycemic control and residual β-cell function during the 1st year after diagnosis.

Gaussian representation for image recognition and reinforcement learning of atomistic structure.

The success of applying machine learning to speed up structure search and improve property prediction in computational chemical physics depends critically on the representation chosen for the atomistic structure. In this work, we investigate how different image representations of two planar atomistic structures (ideal graphene and graphene with a grain boundary region) influence the ability of a reinforcement learning algorithm [the Atomistic Structure Learning Algorithm (ASLA)] to identify the structures from no prior knowledge while interacting with an electronic structure program. Compared to a one-hot encoding, we find a radial Gaussian broadening of the atomic position to be beneficial for the reinforcement learning process, which may even identify the Gaussians with the most favorable broadening hyperparameters during the structural search.

Structure prediction of surface reconstructions by deep reinforcement learning.

We demonstrate how image recognition and reinforcement learning combined may be used to determine the atomistic structure of reconstructed crystalline surfaces. A deep neural network represents a reinforcement learning agent that obtains training rewards by interacting with an environment. The environment contains a quantum mechanical potential energy evaluator in the form of a density functional theory program.

Breast Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Enriched in Exosomes From Mothers With Type 1 Diabetes Contain Aberrant Levels of microRNAs.

The breast milk plays a crucial role in shaping the initial intestinal microbiota and mucosal immunity of the infant. Interestingly, breastfeeding has proven to be protective against the early onset of immune-mediated diseases including type 1 diabetes. Studies have shown that exosomes from human breast milk are enriched in immune-modulating miRNAs suggesting that exosomal miRNAs (exomiRs) transferred to the infant could play a critical role in the development of the infant's immune system.

Plasma lipid species at type 1 diabetes onset predict residual beta-cell function after 6 months.

Introduction: The identification of metabolomic dysregulation appears promising for the prediction of type 1 diabetes and may also reveal metabolic pathways leading to beta-cell destruction. Recent studies indicate that regulation of multiple phospholipids precede the presence of autoantigens in the development of type 1 diabetes.

Objectives: We hypothesize that lipid biomarkers in plasma from children with recent onset type 1 diabetes will reflect their remaining beta-cell function and predict future changes in beta-cell function.

Influence of Disease Duration on Circulating Levels of miRNAs in Children and Adolescents with New Onset Type 1 Diabetes.

Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in several pathologies including type 1 diabetes. In the present study, we aimed to identify circulating miRNAs affected by disease duration in children with recent onset type 1 diabetes. Forty children and adolescents from the Danish Remission Phase Cohort were followed with blood samples drawn at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 60 months after diagnosis.

Hvidoere Smiley Faces: International diabetes quality of life assessment tool for young children.

Background: Few diabetes-specific quality of life (QOL) tools are available for young children.

Objectives: To design and evaluate, a new age-specific QOL questionnaire and its associations with treatment regimens and metabolic control.

Methods: Clinical, demographic data and centrally analyzed HbA1c were collected on 1133 children <11 years (girls 48%; mean ± SD age 8.

Targets and teamwork: Understanding differences in pediatric diabetes centers treatment outcomes.

Objective: The reason for center differences in metabolic control of childhood diabetes is still unknown. We sought to determine to what extent the targets, expectations, and goals that diabetes care professionals have for their patients is a determinant of center differences in metabolic outcomes.

Research Design And Methods: Children, under the age of 11 with type 1 diabetes and their parents treated at the study centers participated.

Low perinatal zinc status is not associated with the risk of type 1 diabetes in children.

Aim: Immunologic events during fetal life may play a part in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). As zinc is involved in immunologic processes, the purpose was to investigate perinatal zinc status and the later risk of developing T1D and association to age at onset.

Methods: A population-based case-control study based on data from Danish Childhood Diabetes Register and the Danish Newborn Screening Biobank.

Circulating microRNA levels predict residual beta cell function and glycaemic control in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Aims/hypothesis: We aimed to identify circulating microRNA (miRNA) that predicts clinical progression in a cohort of 123 children with new-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Methods: Plasma samples were prospectively obtained at 1, 3, 6, 12 and 60 months after diagnosis from a subset of 40 children from the Danish Remission Phase Cohort, and profiled for miRNAs. At the same time points, meal-stimulated C-peptide and HbA levels were measured and insulin-dose adjusted HbA (IDAA) calculated.

Levels of soluble TREM-1 in children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes and their siblings without type 1 diabetes: a Danish case-control study.

Background: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease with an increase in incidence worldwide including Denmark. The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) is a potent amplifier of pro-inflammatory responses and has been linked to autoimmunity, severe psychiatric disorders, sepsis, and cancer.

Hypothesis: Our primary hypothesis was that levels of soluble TREM-1 (sTREM-1) differed between newly diagnosed children with T1D and their siblings without T1D.

No Contribution of GAD-65 and IA-2 Autoantibodies around Time of Diagnosis to the Increasing Incidence of Juvenile Type 1 Diabetes: A 9-Year Nationwide Danish Study.

A new perspective on autoantibodies as pivotal players in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) has recently emerged. Our key objective was to examine whether increased levels of autoantibodies against the -cell autoantigens glutamic acid decarboxylase (isoform 65) (GADA) and insulinoma associated antigen-2A (IA-2A) mirrored the 3.4% annual increase in incidence of T1D.

Potential beneficial effects of a gluten-free diet in newly diagnosed children with type 1 diabetes: a pilot study.

Aim: Gluten-free diet has shown promising effects in preventing type 1 diabetes (T1D) in animals as well as beneficial effects on the immune system. Gluten-free diet at diabetes onset may alter the natural course and outcome of autoimmune diseases such as T1D.

Methods: In a 12-month study, 15 children newly diagnosed with T1D were instructed to follow a gluten-free diet.

Genetic Risk Score Modelling for Disease Progression in New-Onset Type 1 Diabetes Patients: Increased Genetic Load of Islet-Expressed and Cytokine-Regulated Candidate Genes Predicts Poorer Glycemic Control.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified over 40 type 1 diabetes risk loci. The clinical impact of these loci on β-cell function during disease progression is unknown. We aimed at testing whether a genetic risk score could predict glycemic control and residual β-cell function in type 1 diabetes (T1D).

A20 Inhibits β-Cell Apoptosis by Multiple Mechanisms and Predicts Residual β-Cell Function in Type 1 Diabetes.

Activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) contributes to β-cell death in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Genome-wide association studies have identified the gene TNF-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3), encoding for the zinc finger protein A20, as a susceptibility locus for T1D. A20 restricts NF-κB signaling and has strong antiapoptotic activities in β-cells.

The genetic and regulatory architecture of ERBB3-type 1 diabetes susceptibility locus.

The study aimed to explore the role of ERBB3 in type 1 diabetes (T1D). We examined whether genetic variation of ERBB3 (rs2292239) affects residual β-cell function in T1D cases. Furthermore, we examined the expression of ERBB3 in human islets, the effect of ERBB3 knockdown on apoptosis in insulin-producing INS-1E cells and the genetic and regulatory architecture of the ERBB3 locus to provide insights to how rs2292239 may confer disease susceptibility.

Polymorphisms in the CTSH gene may influence the progression of diabetic retinopathy: a candidate-gene study in the Danish Cohort of Pediatric Diabetes 1987 (DCPD1987).

Background: The incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is increasing globally, and as a consequence, more patients are affected by microvascular complications such as diabetic retinopathy (DR). The aim of this study was to elucidate possible associations between diabetes-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and the development of DR.

Methods: Three hundred and thirty-nine patients with T1DM from the Danish Cohort of Pediatric Diabetes 1987 (DCPD1987) went through an ophthalmic examination in 1995; 185 of these were reexamined in 2011.

Postprandial prolactin suppression appears absent in antipsychotic-treated male patients.

Introduction: Hyperprolactinemia is a common side-effect of antipsychotic treatment. Antipsychotics and hyperprolactinemia are both considered risk factors of metabolic disturbances and diabetes. Investigations on prolactin response to meal ingestion in antipsychotic-treated patients are missing.

The influence of glucagon on postprandial hyperglycaemia in children 5 years after onset of type 1 diabetes.

Aims/hypothesis: The influence of glucagon on glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes is debated. We investigated the relationship between postprandial glucagon levels and HbA1c during a period up to 60 months after diagnosis of childhood type 1 diabetes.

Methods: The Danish remission phase cohort comprised 129 children (66 boys) with type 1 diabetes whose mean (SD) age at onset was 10.

Glucometabolic hormones and cardiovascular risk markers in antipsychotic-treated patients.

Objective: Treatment with antipsychotic drugs is widely associated with metabolic side effects such as weight gain and disturbed glucose metabolism, but the pathophysiologic mechanisms are unclear.

Method: Fifty nondiabetic (fasting plasma glucose ≤ 7.0 mmol/L), antipsychotic-treated male patients (ICD-10 diagnosis code F20, F21, F22, F25, F28, or F60; mean ± SD age = 33.

Partial remission definition: validation based on the insulin dose-adjusted HbA1c (IDAA1C) in 129 Danish children with new-onset type 1 diabetes.

Objective: To validate the partial remission (PR) definition based on insulin dose-adjusted HbA1c (IDAA1c).

Subjects And Methods: The IDAA1c was developed using data in 251 children from the European Hvidoere cohort. For validation, 129 children from a Danish cohort were followed from the onset of type 1 diabetes (T1D).

Comparison between Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study 7-field retinal photos and non-mydriatic, mydriatic and mydriatic steered widefield scanning laser ophthalmoscopy for assessment of diabetic retinopathy.

Aims: To compare non-mydriatic, mydriatic and steered mydriatic widefield retinal images with mydriatic 7-field Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS)-standards in grading diabetic retinopathy (DR).

Methods: We examined 95 patients (190 eyes) with type 1 diabetes. A non-mydriatic, a mydriatic and four steered mydriatic 200° widefield retinal images were captured (Optos 200Tx, Optos plc, Dunfermline, Scotland) and compared to mydriatic 7-field 45° ETDRS images (Topcon 3D OCT-2000, Topcon, Tokyo, Japan).