Immunization efficacy of cryopreserved genetically attenuated Plasmodium berghei sporozoites.

Malaria is transmitted through the injection of Plasmodium sporozoites into the skin by Anopheles mosquitoes. The parasites first replicate within the liver before infecting red blood cells, which leads to the symptoms of the disease. Experimental immunization with attenuated sporozoites that arrest their development in the liver has been extensively investigated in rodent models and humans.

Sporozoite Motility on Flat Substrates.

sporozoites are the infectious, highly motile forms of the malaria parasite transmitted by mosquitoes. Sporozoite motility can be assessed following the dissection of salivary glands and isolation of sporozoites .