History, Rest and Exercise Score (HRE-S) for assessment of disease severity in horses with trigeminal-mediated headshaking.

Background: In horses with trigeminal-mediated headshaking (TMHS), clinical signs are likely to be expression of neuropathic facial pain. Currently, subjective assessment of disease severity is used as measure of compromise of animal's welfare.

Objectives: To develop and validate a precise scoring system for TMHS: History, Rest and Exercise Score (HRE-S).

Nasal and tracheobronchial nitric oxide production and its influence on oxygenation in horses undergoing total intravenous anaesthesia.

Background: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of endotracheal intubation on nasal and tracheal endogenous NO concentrations, gas exchange and oxygenation in horses undergoing general anaesthesia. In many species a major part of physiological nitric oxide (NO) production takes place in the nasopharynx. Inhaled NO acts as a pulmonary vasodilator and regulates lung perfusion and endotracheal intubation bypasses the nasopharynx.