Evaluation of functional muscle anatomy scalability in the canine hind limb.

In contrast to other mammals, the large variation in dog sizes is not accompanied by any significant genetic re-organization. In order to study the relationship between body mass, limb length and the functional anatomical muscle parameters of the canine hind limb, a large dataset comprising of muscle masses, optimal muscle fibre lengths and physiological cross-sectional area's (PCSA) were acquired for twenty-five muscles in ten dogs of sizes varying between 20 kg and 52 kg. The potential of body mass and limb length for reliably scaling individual muscle masses, optimal muscle fibre lengths and PCSA's were examined.

Spatial Subchondral Bone Density Reflecting Joint Loading of the Talus in Different Canidae.

Objective:  Subchondral bone density distribution can be used to study joint biomechanics non-invasively. Differences in joint loading between related species can aid in the understanding of joint loading and the development of certain types of orthopaedic pathology. This study was conducted to evaluate density distribution in the subchondral bone of the talus of different species, as a parameter reflecting the long-term joint loading in the tarsocrural joint.

COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN CANINE ELBOWS ARTHROSCOPICALLY DIAGNOSED WITH EROSION OF THE MEDIAL COMPARTMENT: AN ANALYTICAL METHOD COMPARISON STUDY.

Medial compartment erosion is an advanced stage of medial coronoid disease, an important cause of elbow lameness in dogs, with treatment and the expected prognosis depending on the extent of the cartilage lesions. The identification of specific computed tomographic (CT) findings might facilitate the nonsurgical diagnosis and add to treatment decision making. Aims of this retrospective, analytical, method comparison study were to describe CT findings in elbows of dogs arthroscopically diagnosed with medial compartment erosion and to compare CT vs.

Musculoskeletal modelling in dogs: challenges and future perspectives.

Musculoskeletal models have proven to be a valuable tool in human orthopaedics research. Recently, veterinary research started taking an interest in the computer modelling approach to understand the forces acting upon the canine musculoskeletal system. While many of the methods employed in human musculoskeletal models can applied to canine musculoskeletal models, not all techniques are applicable.

Intra-arterial versus intra venous contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the equine head.

Background: The anatomical complexity of the horse's head limits the abilities of radiography. Computed tomography (CT) in combination with contrast enhanced CT is used more often for diagnosing various head pathology in horses. The objective of this study was to compare intravenous and intra-arterial contrast-enhancement techniques and describe normal and abnormal contrast enhancement in the horse's head.

Improved canine exome designs, featuring ncRNAs and increased coverage of protein coding genes.

By limiting sequencing to those sequences transcribed as mRNA, whole exome sequencing is a cost-efficient technique often used in disease-association studies. We developed two target enrichment designs based on the recently released annotation of the canine genome: the exome-plus design and the exome-CDS design. The exome-plus design combines the exons of the CanFam 3.

Computed Tomographic and Low-Field Magnetic Resonance Arthrography: A Comparison of Techniques For Observing Intra-articular Structures of the Normal Canine Shoulder.

Objective: To compare low-field magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA) and computed tomographic arthrography (CTA) for identification of intra-articular ligaments and joint cartilage in the normal canine shoulder with the aid of cross-sectional anatomy.

Animals: Normal adult Foxhounds (n = 3) and 4 Foxhound cadaver shoulders.

Methods: CTA of 3 dogs was performed after intra-articular administration of contrast medium in both shoulders.

Intra- and interobserver agreement on radiographic phenotype in the diagnosis of canine hip dysplasia.

Objective: To investigate the repeatability and reproducibility of the presence of a circumferential femoral head osteophyte (CFHO), a curvilinear caudolateral osteophyte (CCO), osteosclerosis of the cranial acetabular edge (Scler CrAE), degenerative joint disease (DJD), and the diagnosis of suspected canine hip dysplasia (CHD) in different groups of experienced observers.

Study Design: Cross-sectional study.

Sample Population: Standard hip extended radiographs (n = 50).

The prevalence of nine genetic disorders in a dog population from Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany.

The objective of this study was to screen a dog population from Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany for the presence of mutant alleles associated with hip dysplasia (HD), degenerative myelopathy (DM), exercise-induced collapse (EIC), neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 4A (NCL), centronuclear myopathy (HMLR), mucopolysaccharidosis VII (MPS VII), myotonia congenita (MG), gangliosidosis (GM1) and muscular dystrophy (Duchenne type) (GRMD). Blood samples (K3EDTA) were collected for genotyping with Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (n = 476). Allele and genotype frequencies were calculated in those breeds with at least 12 samples (n = 8).

Computed tomography of canine elbow joints affected by primary and concomitant flexor enthesopathy.

Flexor enthesopathy is an important differential diagnosis for elbow lameness in dogs. The disorder can be a primary cause of elbow lameness or concomitant with other elbow pathology. Since treatment differs for primary and concomitant forms of flexor enthesopathy, a noninvasive method for distinguishing between them is needed.

Agreement between low-field MRI and CT for the detection of suspected intracranial lesions in dogs and cats.

Objective: To assess the agreement between CT and MRI for enabling detection of intracranial lesions in cats and dogs.

Design: Evaluation study.

Animals: 51 dogs and 7 cats with suspected intracranial lesions.

Radiographic features of primary and concomitant flexor enthesopathy in the canine elbow.

Primary flexor enthesopathy is a recently recognized elbow disorder and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of elbow lameness. For treatment planning purposes, it is important to make a distinction between primary and concomitant forms of the disease. The purpose of this prospective study was to compare radiographic findings for dogs with primary flexor enthesopathy (n = 17), concomitant flexor enthesopathy (n = 24), elbow dysplasia (n = 13), and normal dogs (n = 7).

Computed tomography findings in 32 joints affected with severe elbow incongruity and fragmented medial coronoid process.

Objective: To describe the computed tomography (CT) findings in dogs with severe elbow incongruity combined with a fragmented medial coronoid process (FCP) and compare these with normal joints and congruent joints affected by FCP.

Study Design: Clinical study.

Animals: Client-owned dogs with elbow lameness (n = 40) and purpose bred dogs (n = 5; controls).

Magnetic resonance and computed tomography imaging of a carotid body tumor in a dog.

A 5-year-old castrated male Labrador Retriever was presented to a referring veterinarian for a swelling in the neck region. Based on the results of histopathology, a carotid body tumor, was diagnosed. The dog was referred to a medical imaging unit for further staging and follow up.

Evolution of clinical signs and predictors of outcome after conservative medical treatment for disk-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy in dogs.

Objective: To evaluate the evolution of clinical signs and their correlation with results of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and to assess potential prognostic variables after conservative medical treatment for disk-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy (DA-CSM) in dogs.

Design: Prospective cohort study.

Animals: 21 client-owned dogs with DA-CSM.

Arthroscopic findings in 32 joints affected by severe elbow incongruity with concomitant fragmented medial coronoid process.

Objective: To report arthroscopic findings in dogs with severe elbow incongruity combined with fragmented medial coronoid process (FCP) and compare these findings in normal joints and congruent joints affected by FCP.

Study Design: Clinical study.

Animals: Dogs with elbow lameness (n = 40) and purpose bred dogs (5; controls).

Micro-computed tomography of the head and dentition in cadavers of clinically normal rabbits.

Objective: To describe the anatomic features of dentition and surrounding structures of the head in rabbits assessed by use of a newly developed micro-computed tomography (CT) device.

Sample: Cadavers of 7 clinically normal adult Dendermonde White domestic rabbits raised for human consumption.

Procedures: The rabbits were slaughtered in a slaughterhouse, flayed, and decapitated; the rabbit heads were frozen for micro-CT examination.

Sensitivity and specificity of radiography for detection of elbow incongruity in clinical patients.

Elbow incongruity is an important factor regarding the treatment and prognosis of elbow dysplasia. Our purpose was to determine the sensitivity and specificity for radiographic detection of elbow incongruity in clinical patients, to establish inter- and intraobserver variation for different parameters, and to evaluate the possibility of radiographic grading of incongruity. Standard radiographic projections were acquired from 29 incongruent and nine congruent elbows of dogs of various ages and breeds.

Magnetic resonance imaging vertebral canal and body ratios in Doberman Pinschers with and without disk-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy and clinically normal English Foxhounds.

Objective: To determine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) vertebral ratio values representing vertebral canal height, vertebral canal shape, and vertebral body shape in Doberman Pinschers with and without disk-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy (DACSM) and clinically normal English Foxhounds.

Animals: Doberman Pinschers with (n = 18) and without (20) DACSM and clinically normal English Foxhounds (18).

Procedures: All dogs underwent low-field MRI of the cervical vertebral column.

Cartilage thickness of the trochlea of the talus, with emphasis on sites predisposed to osteochondrosis dissecans, in clinically normal juvenile and adult dogs.

Objective: To evaluate cartilage thickness of the talus (especially at sites predisposed to osteochondrosis dissecans [OCD]) in growing and adult dogs not affected with OCD.

Sample: Tarsocrural joints from cadavers of 34 juvenile (approx 3 months old) and 10 adult dogs.

Procedures: Tarsal cartilage thickness was examined via a stereophotography microscopic system.