Minimally invasive thoracoscopic ligation of a persistent left superior vena cava.

Persistent left superior vena cava draining into the left atrium is a rare congenital venous anomaly, which remains asymptomatic and therefore undetected in most cases. Paradoxical embolization caused by right-to-left shunt is a severe complication and requires surgical correction. We describe the first thoracoscopic approach for ligation of a persistent left superior vena cava even though our patient had severe kyphoscoliosis because of Klippel-Feil syndrome.

Successful interdisciplinary management of the misdeployment of two self-expanding stents into the internal carotid artery: a case report.

Introduction: With the widespread use of carotid artery stenting, previously unknown technical mistakes of this treatment modality are now being encountered. There are multiple strategies for the treatment of in-stent restenosis. With regard to surgical management, endarterectomy and patch plasty are favored.