Evaluating hypothetical prevention strategies for internalizing symptoms in the general population and at-risk children.

Objective: Specific modifiable factors (e.g., screen time [ST], sleep duration, physical activity, or social connections) are targets for reducing depression risk in adults.

The Longitudinal Relationship Between Brain Morphology and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Children From the General Population.

Objective: Cross-sectional studies in children with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have found larger thalamic volume, which is not found at later ages. We previously found that 9- to 12-year-old children from the general population with clinical-level obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) also have a larger thalamus. Thus, using a longitudinal design, we studied the relationship among thalamic volume, cortical maturation, and the course of OCS.

Psychiatric neuroimaging at a crossroads: Insights from psychiatric genetics.

Thanks to methodological advances, large-scale data collections, and longitudinal designs, psychiatric neuroimaging is better equipped than ever to identify the neurobiological underpinnings of youth mental health problems. However, the complexity of such endeavors has become increasingly evident, as the field has been confronted by limited clinical relevance, inconsistent results, and small effect sizes. Some of these challenges parallel those historically encountered by psychiatric genetics.

Harsh parenting, amygdala functional connectivity changes across childhood, and behavioral problems.

Background: Harsh parenting in early childhood is related to offspring's adverse behavioral outcomes. Due to the scarcity of longitudinal neuroimaging data, few studies have explored the neurobiological underpinnings of this association, focusing on within-person variability. This study examined the temporal associations among harsh parenting, later behavioral problems, and the developmental trajectories of amygdala volume and amygdala resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) profiles, using longitudinal neuroimaging data.

Identifying cognitive, affective, and developmental mechanisms linking threat and deprivation with adolescent psychopathology.

Background: The mechanisms linking early-life adversity with psychopathology over the life-course are complex. In this prospective study, we collectively examined cognitive, affective, and developmental mediators previously found to individually link childhood threat and deprivation experiences to adolescent psychopathology to identify the most potent mechanisms.

Methods: Data came from a community sample of 227 children (mean child age 11.

Neonatal multimorbidity and the phenotype of premature aging in preterm infants.

Multimorbidity is the co-occurrence of multiple chronic health problems, associated with aging, frailty, and poor functioning. Children born preterm experience more multimorbid conditions in early life compared to term-born peers. Though neonatal multimorbidity is linked to poor health-related quality of life, functional outcomes, and peer group participation, gaps in our theoretical understanding and conceptualization remain.

Gestational organophosphate pesticide exposure and childhood cardiovascular outcomes.

Introduction: The general population is chronically exposed to organophosphate pesticides through various routes including ingestion, hand-to-mouth contact, inhalation, and dermal contact. Exposure to organophosphate pesticides during pregnancy impairs fetal development, but the potential long-term effects of gestational organophosphate pesticide exposure are less well understood.

Methods: We investigated associations between gestational organophosphate pesticide exposure and cardiovascular outcomes in 643 children in the Generation R Study, a prospective pregnancy cohort based in Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

Early childhood family threat and longitudinal amygdala-mPFC circuit development: Examining cortical thickness and gray matter-white matter contrast.

Early threat-associated cortical thinning may be interpreted as accelerated cortical development. However, non-adaptive processes may show similar macrostructural changes. Examining cortical thickness (CT) together with grey/white-matter contrast (GWC), a proxy for intracortical myelination, may enhance the interpretation of CT findings.

Association of maternal thyroglobulin with gestational thyroid function and offspring IQ and brain morphology.

Background: Low maternal urinary iodine concentration (UIC) during pregnancy is associated with adverse offspring neurodevelopment. Thyroglobulin (Tg) has been suggested as a more sensitive biomarker than UIC of long-term iodine status, but associations of Tg with neurodevelopment and the possible mediating role of thyroid function remain unknown.

Aim: To study whether maternal Tg is associated with i) maternal and newborn thyroid function and ii) offspring IQ and brain morphology.

Limited generalizability of multivariate brain-based dimensions of child psychiatric symptoms.

Multivariate machine learning techniques are a promising set of tools for identifying complex brain-behavior associations. However, failure to replicate results from these methods across samples has hampered their clinical relevance. Here we aimed to delineate dimensions of brain functional connectivity that are associated with child psychiatric symptoms in two large and independent cohorts: the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study and the Generation R Study (total n = 6935).

"When I hold my daughter, she quiets, no need [for]any verbal conversation": A qualitative understanding of responsive caregiving in rural, Sindh Pakistan.

Responsive caregiving is associated with secure attachment and positive child developmental outcomes. However, there is some debate on whether responsive caregiving is a universal construct. Few studies have researched responsive caregiving in diverse cultural settings, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.

Different concepts of neighborhood safety and child internalizing and externalizing behaviors.

Neighborhood safety is defined inconsistently across epidemiologic studies - a conceptual problem that results in incomparable measurements, hampering the design of health interventions. Using child behavior problems (measured via the Child Behavior Checklist) as the outcome of interest, this study directly compared four measures of neighborhood safety: two of experienced safety and two of perceived safety, with each one measured at family and community levels. These included children's direct experience of harm, parental perceptions, community crime statistics, and community perceptions.

Residential ambient air pollution exposure and the development of white matter microstructure throughout adolescence.

Background: Recent evidence suggests an association of air pollution exposure with brain development, but evidence on white matter microstructure in children is scarce. We investigated how air pollution exposure during pregnancy and childhood impacts longitudinal development of white matter microstructure throughout adolescence.

Methods: Our study population consisted of 4108 participants of Generation R, a large population-based birth cohort from Rotterdam, the Netherlands.

Intergenerational transmission of psychopathology across three generations: the role of social support.

Psychopathology runs in families and affects functioning of individuals and their family members. This study assessed the intergenerational transmission of psychopathology risk across three generations, and the extent to which social support factors may protect against this transmission from parents to their offspring. This study was embedded in Generation R, a multi-ethnic population-based cohort from fetal life onwards.

Longitudinal relationships between early-life homelessness and school-aged asthma and wheezing.

Background: Homelessness is a disruptive life event with profound impacts on children's health. It remains unclear, however, whether homelessness in early life has an enduring association with asthma and wheezing among school-aged children.

Objective: To test whether early-life homelessness is prospectively associated with asthma and wheezing during school-aged years.