Oral conditions and salivary analysis in HIV-uninfected subjects using preexposure prophylaxis.

Background: New prevention strategies have been advocated to control the progression of HIV/AIDS, such as preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP). The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential changes in the oral and salivary conditions of HIV-uninfected subjects using PrEP.

Material And Methods: Subjects were evaluated before beginning the medication (T0), at the first follow-up (T1), and at the second follow-up (T2).

Potential Prophylactic Treatments for COVID-19.

The World Health Organization declared the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern at the end of January 2020 and a pandemic two months later. The virus primarily spreads between humans via respiratory droplets, and is the causative agent of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which can vary in severity, from asymptomatic or mild disease (the vast majority of the cases) to respiratory failure, multi-organ failure, and death. Recently, several vaccines were approved for emergency use against SARS-CoV-2.

Relationship between taste perception and use of upper complete dentures.

Aims: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the taste perception in patients with upper complete dentures.

Methods And Results: One hundred seventy male and female patients (45-83 years old) upper denture wearers were evaluated for their gustatory function by the paper strips technique in relation to the four basic tastes. The taste test was performed with and without the presence of the denture on the palate.

Whether drug detection in urine and oral fluid is similar? A systematic review.

Urine has been a biological matrix of choice for drug screening, but recent advances in technology and the introduction of commercial oral fluid assays have effectively established oral fluid as a viable alternative matrix. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the sensitivity of oral fluid in detecting some illicit drugs compared to urine, and to compare the initial and final detection times of these drugs in both fluids. The electronic search in MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science was carried out covering studies published from January 2003 and June 2019, in order to find all valid studies that detected drugs in oral fluid and urine in the same patient.

SEM/FIB Imaging for Studying Neural Interfaces.

Tissue and neural engineering for various regenerative therapies are rapidly growing fields. Of major interest is studying the complex interface between cells and various 3D structures by scanning electron microscopy with focused ion beam. Notwithstanding its unrivaled resolution, the optimal fixation, dehydration, and staining protocols of the samples while preserving the complex cell interface in its natural form, are highly challenging.

The concept of exposure when selecting comparison groups for determining individual susceptibility to addiction to cigarette smoking.

Smoking is a leading cause of preventable death. The effect of tobacco is even more contundent in people with mental illness and, in general, cigarette smoking addiction is influenced by genetic factors. The opioid system is involved in the mesolimbic reward system, which is of great importance in addictive behaviors, such as smoking and is influenced by genes such as the OPRM1.

Fine-Mapping of Xq25.1-27.2 Shows Association of Early Childhood Caries with Genetic Variants Depending on Dietary Habits, Protecting Children Who Drink Milk before Going to Bed.

Early childhood caries (ECC) is a chronic, infectious disease that affects the primary dentition of young children. It is the result of unequal contributions of risk factors and protective factors that influence the disease. The aim of this study was to assess if the X chromosome region previously linked to caries was associated with ECC.

Perception of taste in HIV-positive individuals in treatment antiretroviral: results of a case-control study.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the perception of taste in HIV-infected patients.

Method: One hundred males and females (11 to 60 years old) were divided into two groups (50 patients infected by HIV and 50 controls) and evaluated for gustatory function.

Results: The results revealed that the mean score in the evaluation of taste was significantly lower in individuals with HIV when compared to controls for both sides of the tongue (p < 0.

Aberrant folding of pathogenic Parkin mutants: aggregation versus degradation.

Loss-of-function mutations in the Parkin gene (PARK2) are responsible for the majority of autosomal recessive Parkinson disease. A growing body of evidence indicates that misfolding and aggregation of Parkin is a major mechanism of Parkin inactivation, accounting for the loss-of-function phenotype of various pathogenic Parkin mutants. Remarkably, wild-type Parkin is also prone to misfolding under certain cellular conditions, suggesting a more general role of Parkin in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease.

Parkin mediates neuroprotection through activation of IkappaB kinase/nuclear factor-kappaB signaling.

Mutations in the parkin gene are a major cause of autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease. Here we show that the E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin activates signaling through the IkappaB kinase (IKK)/nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathway. Our analysis revealed that activation of this signaling cascade is causally linked to the neuroprotective potential of parkin.

Pathogenic mutations inactivate parkin by distinct mechanisms.

Loss of parkin function is the major cause of autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease (ARPD). A wide variety of parkin mutations have been identified in patients; however, the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to the inactivation of mutant parkin are poorly understood. In this study we characterized pathogenic C- and N-terminal parkin mutants and found distinct pathways of parkin inactivation.

Inactivation of parkin by oxidative stress and C-terminal truncations: a protective role of molecular chaperones.

Loss of parkin function is linked to autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism. Here we show that proteotoxic stress and short C-terminal truncations induce misfolding of parkin. As a consequence, wild-type parkin was depleted from a high molecular weight complex and inactivated by aggregation.

Mechanism of action of the urinary bladder carcinogen N-nitrosobutyl-3-carboxypropylamine.

The carcinogenic action of N-nitrosodibutylamine in the urinary bladder is related to omega-oxidation of a butyl chain. N-Nitrosobutyl-4-hydroxybutylamine and its proximate metabolite N-nitrosobutyl-3-carboxypropylamine (NBCPA) selectively induce urinary bladder tumours in different animal species. The mechanism by which NBCPA exert its carcinogenic action is not known.

Investigations on organ-specific metabolism and genotoxic effects of the urinary bladder carcinogen N-nitrosobutyl-3-carboxypropylamine (BCPN) and its analogs N-nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA) and N-nitrosobutyl-4-hydroxybutylamine (4-OH-NDBA).

N-Nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA) and its omega-oxidized metabolites N-nitrosobutyl-4-hydroxybutylamine (4-OH-NDBA) and N-nitrosobutyl-3-carboxypropylamine (BCPN) are potent urinary bladder carcinogens. To study putative organ specific activation of BCPN, its alpha-oxidation by liver and urinary bladder microsomal fractions was investigated in comparison to NDBA and 4-OH-NDBA. Additionally, induction of DNA single strand breaks (SSB) was monitored in hepatocytes and in a human lymphoblastoid cell line (Namalva) in the presence and absence of external metabolic activation, including N-nitroso-t-butyl-n-butylamine as a negative control.

Increased mutagenicity of N-nitrosodiethanolamine in human lymphocyte cultures after activation by alcohol dehydrogenase.

The effect of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH/NAD) from yeast and horse liver was tested on the induction of chromosomal mutations and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) by N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA) in human lymphocyte cultures. BrdUrd (27 micrograms) was added 24 h after starting the cultures to allow visualisation of SCE. ADH/NAD and NDELA were added 24 h later in different concentrations.

[The action of oxyfedrine on haemodynamics, inotropism and blood perfusion of the partially ischaemic myocardium after digoxin premedication. Studies on anaesthetized dogs (author's transl)].

The effect exerted on the partially ischaemic heart when administering 0.9 mg/kg L-3-(beta-hydroxy-alpha-methylphenethylamino)-3'-methoxypropiophenone (oxyfedrine, ildamen) approx. 10 min after i.