Inputs of disinfection by-products to the marine environment from various industrial activities: Comparison to natural production.

Oxidative treatment of seawater in coastal and shipboard installations is applied to control biofouling and/or minimize the input of noxious or invasive species into the marine environment. This treatment allows a safe and efficient operation of industrial installations and helps to protect human health from infectious diseases and to maintain the biodiversity in the marine environment. On the downside, the application of chemical oxidants generates undesired organic compounds, so-called disinfection by-products (DBPs), which are discharged into the marine environment.

Setting new thermal standards for transitional and coastal (TraC) waters.

The construction of a new generation of coastal power stations in the UK and other western European countries has highlighted the absence of robust standards for thermal discharges to transitional and coastal waters. The proposed discharge volumes are greater than hitherto, yet there has been little independent critical examination of their potential impact, whilst much of the existing guidance has been adapted from freshwater practice. This review considers the available knowledge on the tolerance and behaviour of fish and other marine biota to heated effluents.

Thermal tolerance of the invasive oyster Crassostrea gigas: feasibility of heat treatment as an antifouling option.

Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas are traditionally considered shellfish of great fishery and aquaculture value. For these reasons they are introduced worldwide. Recently there has been increasing reports about the prevalence of C.

How effective is intermittent chlorination to control adult mussel fouling in cooling water systems?

Mussel control in cooling water systems is generally achieved by means of chlorination. Chlorine is applied continuously or intermittently, depending on cost and discharge criteria. In this paper, we examined whether mussels will be able to survive intermittent chlorination because of their ability to close their valves during periods of chlorination.

Effects of low-level chlorination on zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha.

Mortality pattern of different size groups (5-20 mm shell lengths) of the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas), was studied in the laboratory under different chlorine concentrations (0.25-3.0 mgl(-1)).

Does status of attachment influence survival time of zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, exposed to chlorination?

Mussels colonize cooling water circuits of power stations by attaching themselves to the pipe or conduit walls using byssus threads. Once manually detached, they quickly try to reattach by producing new byssus threads. In many published reports on antifouling bioassays, the test specimens are exposed to the biocide in an unattached state.