Effect of Hospital Pharmacist Counseling on Clinical Outcomes of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Outpatients.

Objective: In Indonesia, the role of a hospital pharmacist in pharmaceutical care is still limited or even absent. This study aimed to determine whether counseling by a pharmacist could improve medication adherence, controlling the glycemic status, lipid profile, and blood pressure of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) outpatients.

Methods: We conducted an interventional study at RSUD Kota Depok, a secondary public hospital, Indonesia, from April to October 2018.

L-Dopa improves Restless Legs Syndrome and periodic limb movements in sleep but not Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder in a double-blind trial in children.

Background: In a previous open-label study, dopaminergic agents improved Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) and Periodic Limb Movements in Sleep (PLMS), as well as Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children with both disorders. We therefore conducted a double-blind placebo-controlled trial of L-DOPA in ADHD children with and without RLS/PLMS.

Methods: Two groups of patients (total n = 29), those with ADHD only or those with ADHD and RLS/PLMS, were randomized to L-DOPA or placebo therapy.

Efficacy and augmentation during 6 months of double-blind pramipexole for restless legs syndrome.

Background: Pramipexole is an effective treatment for restless legs syndrome (RLS), but no controlled studies have lasted >12 weeks.

Methods: RLS patients (N=331) with pretreatment serum ferritin >30 ng/mL were randomly assigned to take double-blind optimized pramipexole (0.125-0.

Rotigotine improves restless legs syndrome: a 6-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in the United States.

This randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial (NCT00135993) assessed efficacy and safety of the dopamine agonist rotigotine in the treatment of idiopathic restless legs syndrome (RLS) over a 6-month maintenance period. A total of 505 eligible participants with moderate to severe RLS (IRLS sum score >or= 15) were randomly assigned to five groups to receive either placebo or rotigotine (0.5, 1, 2, or 3 mg/24 hr) delivered by once-daily transdermal patch (fixed-dose regimen).

Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus facilitates coordination of hand preshaping in Parkinson's disease.

Several studies have found that Parkinson's disease (PD) disrupts the organization of complex motor sequences regardless of the influence of parkinsonian medications. A clear candidate for the neural bases of such deficits, which we term "coordinative," is the failure to integrate propioceptive and visual information by cortico-striatal circuits in a timed fashion. Recent reports, however, have indicated that deep-brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN DBS) may result in an improvement in coordinative deficits beyond the amelioration of "intensive deficits" such as bradykinesia and scaling errors.

Progressive development of augmentation during long-term treatment with levodopa in restless legs syndrome: results of a prospective multi-center study.

The European Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) Study Group performed the first multi-center, long-term study systematically evaluating RLS augmentation under levodopa treatment. This prospective, open-label 6-month study was conducted in six European countries and included 65 patients (85% treatment naive) with idiopathic RLS. Levodopa was flexibly up-titrated to a maximum dose of 600 mg/day.

Pregnancy accounts for most of the gender difference in prevalence of familial RLS.

Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the associated risk of RLS with pregnancy in relation to the family history and the age of symptom onset of RLS.

Methods And Subjects: Data from a prior RLS family history study in which 1019 subjects (527 males, 492 females) were interviewed, provided a diagnosis and characterization of RLS and determination of pregnancy status on which the current study analysis was undertaken.

Results: In the family members of RLS probands, the prevalence of RLS was significantly higher for parous women than for nulliparous women (49.

Children show individual night-to-night variability of periodic limb movements in sleep.

Study Objective: Several studies have documented the occurrence of significant night-to-night variability of periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) in adults.The aim of this study was to investigate the night-tonight variability of PLMS in children.

Design And Measurements: Two to 4 nights of polysomnography were performed as part of a multisite, placebo-controlled study investigating the effects of carbidopa/levodopa on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children who were not taking other medications that impacted the central nervous system.

Validation of the self-completed Cambridge-Hopkins questionnaire (CH-RLSq) for ascertainment of restless legs syndrome (RLS) in a population survey.

Background And Purpose: Epidemiological studies of restless legs syndrome (RLS) have been limited by lack of a well validated patient-completed diagnostic questionnaire that has a high enough specificity to provide a reasonable positive predictive value. Most of the currently used patient completed diagnostic questionnaires have neither been validated nor included items facilitating the differential diagnosis of RLS from conditions producing similar symptoms. The Cambridge-Hopkins diagnostic questionnaire for RLS (CH-RLSq) was developed with several iterations to include items covering the basic diagnostic features of RLS and to provide some basic differential diagnosis.

The four diagnostic criteria for Restless Legs Syndrome are unable to exclude confounding conditions ("mimics").

Background: Epidemiological survey studies have suggested that a large fraction of the adult population, from five to more than 10%, have symptoms of Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS). Recently, however, it has become clear that the positive predictive value of many questionnaire screens for RLS may be fairly low and that many individuals who are identified by these screens have other conditions that can "mimic" the features of RLS by satisfying the four diagnostic criteria. We noted the presence of such confounders in a case-control family study and sought to develop methods to differentiate them from true RLS.

RLS and blood donation.

Background And Purpose: The link between brain iron deficiency and RLS is now well established. In a related observation, several conditions that can deplete iron stores have been linked to increased probability of RLS. Blood donation has been linked to iron deficiency.

Restless Legs Syndrome and the five-factor model of personality: results from a community sample.

Objective: To examine personality characteristics as potential mediators of the association between Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) and psychiatric disorders.

Method: Revised NEO Personality Inventory traits are compared in respondents with (n=42) versus without (n=982) a diagnosis of RLS in a general population sample.

Results: RLS was associated with higher neuroticism after adjusting for potential confounders, including current psychopathology.

Treatment of restless legs syndrome: an evidence-based review and implications for clinical practice.

Only in the last three decades, the restless legs syndrome (RLS) has been examined in randomized controlled trials. The Movement Disorder Society (MDS) commissioned a task force to perform an evidence-based review of the medical literature on treatment modalities used to manage patients with RLS. The task force performed a search of the published literature using electronic databases.

Restless legs syndrome is associated with DSM-IV major depressive disorder and panic disorder in the community.

The authors examined the association between restless legs syndrome (RLS) and DSM-IV major depressive disorder and panic disorder based on Wave III and IV of the Baltimore ECA follow-up study. Of 1071 participants, 1024 completed the RLS Questionnaire and Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Adjusted odds ratio for diagnosis of major depressive disorder (4.

Clinical significance of RLS.

While the restless legs syndrome (RLS) may have been known in antiquity, it has only recently come to medical attention. Individuals with RLS fall along a spectrum from mild, infrequent symptoms to those with severe daily life-impairing discomforts and sleep disruption. These problems can cause impaired mood, daytime fatigue, cognitive difficulties, and inability to participate in a variety of quiet activities.

Medication use in patients with restless legs syndrome compared with a control population.

Primary restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a sensorimotor disorder causing chronic sleep deprivation in those with moderate to severe symptoms. It has been associated with other medical conditions, such as high blood pressure, depression and attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD). If these conditions are more prevalent for RLS patients, then it would be expected RLS patients would use relatively more of the medications treating these conditions.

Restless legs syndrome: a common disorder in patients with rheumatologic conditions.

Objectives: To review the symptoms, differential diagnosis, and treatment of the restless legs syndrome (RLS), and its relevance within rheumatologic practice.

Methods: Review of the scientific literature on RLS to summarize symptom presentation, burden, diagnosis, treatment, and association with rheumatologic conditions.

Results: RLS is a sensorimotor neurological disorder characterized by an irresistible urge to move the legs, usually accompanied or caused by unpleasant sensations within the legs.

Restless legs syndrome: nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic treatments.

Treatment of restless legs syndrome (RLS) has as its goals alleviation of the primary symptoms of the disorder and establishment of normal sleep. Dopamine agonists are considered first-line treatment when daily treatment for primary RLS is indicated. Gabapentin and opioids may be of value for refractory cases.

Restless legs syndrome: demographics, presentation, and differential diagnosis.

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a sensorimotor disorder characterized by a distressing urge to move the legs and sometimes other parts of the body. Diagnosis is based on clinical features that may be easily remembered with the mnemonic URGE: Urge to move, Rest induced, Gets better with activity, and Evening and night accentuation. RLS is common, its prevalence increases with age, and women are more frequently affected.

A single question for the rapid screening of restless legs syndrome in the neurological clinical practice.

The purposes of this study were to validate the use of a single standard question for the rapid screening of restless legs syndrome (RLS) and to analyze the eventual effects of the presence of RLS on self-assessed daytime sleepiness, global clinical severity and cognitive functioning. We evaluated a group of 521 consecutive patients who accessed our neurology clinic for different reasons. Beside the answer to the single question and age, sex, and clinical diagnosis, the following items were collected from all patients and normal controls: the four criteria for RLS, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), the Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S), and the Mini-Mental State evaluation.

Validation of the Hopkins telephone diagnostic interview for restless legs syndrome.

Background: Because the diagnosis of restless legs syndrome (RLS) depends on clinical features ascertained by interview, it is important to have structured diagnostic instruments that can guide a diagnostician to an accurate diagnosis. With this aim in mind, the RLS Center at Johns Hopkins has been developing the Hopkins telephone diagnostic interview (HTDI). A previous validation was performed on a patient group.

Definition of restless legs syndrome, how to diagnose it, and how to differentiate it from RLS mimics.

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a clinical diagnosis based primarily on self-reports of individuals. The International RLS Study Group has published diagnostic criteria that are essential for an operational diagnosis of RLS; further clinical features are considered by the group supportive for or associated with RLS. However, sensitivity and specificity are not perfect and "mimics" of RLS have been reported, i.

The scoring of movements in sleep.

The International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD-2) has separated sleep-related movement disorders into simple, repetitive movement disorders (such as periodic limb movements in sleep [PLMS], sleep bruxism, and rhythmic movement disorder) and parasomnias (such as REM sleep behavior disorder and disorders of partial arousal, e.g., sleep walking, confusional arousals, night terrors).

Diagnostic standards for dopaminergic augmentation of restless legs syndrome: report from a World Association of Sleep Medicine-International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group consensus conference at the Max Planck Institute.

Objectives: Augmentation of symptom severity is the main complication of dopaminergic treatment of restless legs syndrome (RLS). The current article reports on the considerations of augmentation that were made during a European Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (EURLSSG)-sponsored Consensus Conference in April 2006 at the Max Planck Institute (MPI) in Munich, Germany, the conclusions of which were endorsed by the International RLS Study Group (IRLSSG) and the World Association of Sleep Medicine (WASM). The Consensus Conference sought to develop a better understanding of augmentation and generate a better operational definition for its clinical identification.