Relations of temporoparietal connectivity with neighborhood social fragmentation in youth at clinical high-risk for psychosis.

Temporoparietal brain areas comprise a candidate set of regions for interrogating the brain functional correlates of socioenvironmental factors in people at clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR-P). Temporal lobe abnormalities have been shown to be common among people with schizophrenia spectrum conditions. Further, temporoparietal brain regions are implicated in tasks relevant to psychosocial outcomes, including coherent autobiographical memory recall and multimodal integration.

Cerebellar-Cortical Connectivity and Prediction of Antipsychotic Treatment Response in First-Episode Psychosis.

Background: The cerebellum has traditionally been associated with motor functions, but recent evidence highlights its critical role in cognitive and emotional regulation, contributing to the neuropathology of schizophrenia. Our previous data-driven research demonstrated that cerebellar-cortical functional connectivity can predict antipsychotic treatment outcomes in first-episode psychosis (FEP). The present study aimed to investigate specific cerebellar functional systems involved in treatment prediction.

Overlapping and differential neuropharmacological mechanisms of stimulants and nonstimulants for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a comparative neuroimaging analysis.

Background: Psychostimulants and nonstimulants have partially overlapping pharmacological targets on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but whether their neuroimaging underpinnings differ is elusive. We aimed to identify overlapping and medication-specific brain functional mechanisms of psychostimulants and nonstimulants on ADHD.

Methods: After a systematic literature search and database construction, the imputed maps of separate and pooled neuropharmacological mechanisms were meta-analyzed by Seed-based Mapping toolbox, followed by large-scale network analysis to uncover potential coactivation patterns and meta-regression analysis to examine the modulatory effects of age and sex.

Transdiagnostic white matter controllability deficits across patients with affective and anxiety spectrum disorders.

Background: Affective and anxiety disorders including major depression disorder (MDD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and social anxiety disorder (SAD) are characterized by network dysconnectivity. Network controllability quantifies the capability of specific brain regions to impact functional dynamics based on the underlying structural connectome. This study aimed to investigate transdiagnostic and illness-specific network controllability alterations across these three disorders.

Nanozymes in Alzheimer's disease diagnostics and therapy.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition that has become an important public health problem of global concern, and the early diagnosis and etiological treatment of AD are currently the focus of research. In the course of clinical treatment, approved clinical drugs mainly serve to slow down the disease process by relieving patients' clinical symptoms. However, these drugs do not target the cause of the disease, and the lack of specificity of these drugs has led to undesirable side effects in treatment.

Altered cerebellar effective connectivity in first-episode schizophrenia and long-term changes after treatment.

Aim: Cerebello-cortical functional dysconnectivity plays a key role in the pathology of schizophrenia (SZ). We aimed to investigate the changes in cerebello-cortical directional connectivity in patients with SZ.

Methods: A total of 180 drug-naïve patients with first-episode SZ (54 reassessed after 1 year of treatment) and 166 healthy controls (HCs) were included.

Residual Partial Least Squares Learning: Brain Cortical Thickness Simultaneously Predicts Eight Non-pairwise-correlated Behavioural and Disease Outcomes in Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia. It results in cortical thickness changes and is associated with a decline in cognition and behaviour. Such decline affects multiple important day-to-day functions, including memory, language, orientation, judgment and problem-solving.

Characterisation of arsenic levels in acid-treated arsenic-containing sludge after steel slag-fly ash gel curing.

Arsenic-containing sludge (ABG) is a common hazardous waste in the metallurgical industry and poses a serious threat to environmental safety. However, its instability and mobility have a significant impact on the environment. Traditional curing methods are time-consuming and costly, often resulting in incomplete curing.

Baseline symptom-related white matter tracts predict individualized treatment response to 12-week antipsychotic monotherapies in first-episode schizophrenia.

There is significant heterogeneity in individual responses to antipsychotic drugs, but there is no reliable predictor of antipsychotics response in first-episode psychosis. This study aimed to investigate whether psychotic symptom-related alterations in fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) of white matter (WM) at the early stage of the disorder may aid in the individualized prediction of drug response. Sixty-eight first-episode patients underwent baseline structural MRI scans and were subsequently randomized to receive a single atypical antipsychotic throughout the first 12 weeks.

Replication of a neuroimaging biomarker for striatal dysfunction in psychosis.

To bring biomarkers closer to clinical application, they should be generalizable, reliable, and maintain performance within the constraints of routine clinical conditions. The functional striatal abnormalities (FSA), is among the most advanced neuroimaging biomarkers in schizophrenia, trained to discriminate diagnosis, with post-hoc analyses indicating prognostic properties. Here, we attempt to replicate its diagnostic capabilities measured by the area under the curve (AUC) in receiver operator characteristic curves discriminating individuals with psychosis (n = 101) from healthy controls (n = 51) in the Human Connectome Project for Early Psychosis.

The Cerebellum and Cognitive Function: Anatomical Evidence from a Transdiagnostic Sample.

Multiple lines of evidence across human functional, lesion, and animal data point to a cerebellar role, in particular of crus I, crus II, and lobule VIIB, in cognitive function. However, a mapping of distinct facets of cognitive function to cerebellar structure is missing. We analyzed structural neuroimaging data from the Healthy Brain Network (HBN).

The roles, challenges, and merits of the p value.

Since the 18th century, the p value has been an important part of hypothesis-based scientific investigation. As statistical and data science engines accelerate, questions emerge: to what extent are scientific discoveries based on p values reliable and reproducible? Should one adjust the significance level or find alternatives for the p value? Inspired by these questions and everlasting attempts to address them, here, we provide a systematic examination of the p value from its roles and merits to its misuses and misinterpretations. For the latter, we summarize modest recommendations to handle them.

A Functional Connectome-Based Neural Signature for Individualized Prediction of Antipsychotic Response in First-Episode Psychosis.

Objective: Identification of robust biomarkers that predict individualized response to antipsychotic treatment at the early stage of psychotic disorders remains a challenge in precision psychiatry. The aim of this study was to investigate whether any functional connectome-based neural traits could serve as such a biomarker.

Methods: In a discovery sample, 49 patients with first-episode psychosis received multi-paradigm fMRI scans at baseline and were clinically followed up for 12 weeks under antipsychotic monotherapies.

Replication of a neuroimaging biomarker for striatal dysfunction in psychosis.

To bring biomarkers closer to clinical application, they should be generalizable, reliable, and maintain performance within the constraints of routine clinical conditions. The functional striatal abnormalities (FSA), is among the most advanced neuroimaging biomarkers in schizophrenia, trained to discriminate diagnosis, with post-hoc analyses indicating prognostic properties. Here, we attempt to replicate its diagnostic capabilities measured by the area under the curve (AUC) in receiver operator characteristic curves discriminating individuals with psychosis (n=101) from healthy controls (n=51) in the Human Connectome Project for Early Psychosis.

Common and distinct functional brain network abnormalities in adolescent, early-middle adult, and late adult major depressive disorders.

Background: The age-related heterogeneity in major depressive disorder (MDD) has received significant attention. However, the neural mechanisms underlying such heterogeneity still need further investigation. This study aimed to explore the common and distinct functional brain abnormalities across different age groups of MDD patients from a large-sample, multicenter analysis.

Replication of a neuroimaging biomarker for striatal dysfunction in psychosis.

To bring biomarkers closer to clinical application, they should be generalizable, reliable, and maintain performance within the constraints of routine clinical conditions. The functional striatal abnormalities (FSA), is among the most advanced neuroimaging biomarkers in schizophrenia, trained to discriminate diagnosis, with post-hoc analyses indicating prognostic properties. Here, we attempt to replicate its diagnostic capabilities measured by the area under the curve (AUC) in receiver operator characteristic curves discriminating individuals with psychosis (n=101) from healthy controls (n=51) in the Human Connectome Project for Early Psychosis.

Effects of phase encoding direction on test-retest reliability of human functional connectome.

The majority of human connectome studies in the literature based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data use either an anterior-to-posterior (AP) or a posterior-to-anterior (PA) phase encoding direction (PED). However, whether and how PED would affect test-retest reliability of functional connectome is unclear. Here, in a sample of healthy subjects with two sessions of fMRI scans separated by 12 weeks (two runs per session, one with AP, the other with PA), we tested the influence of PED on global, nodal, and edge connectivity in the constructed brain networks.

Linked patterns of interhemispheric functional connectivity and microstructural characteristics of the corpus callosum in antipsychotic-naive first-episode schizophrenia.

Objective: Many magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have showed significant structural abnormalities of the corpus callosum (CC) and dysregulated interhemispheric functional connectivity (FC) in schizophrenia. Although the hemispheres are mainly linked through CC, few studies directly examined the relationship between aberrant interhemispheric FC and the white matter deficits of the CC in schizophrenia.

Methods: One hundred and sixty-nine antipsychotic-naive first-episode schizophrenia patients (AN-FES) and 214 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited.

The alpha-2A-adrenergic receptor gene polymorphism modulates gray matter structural networks, visual memory, and inhibitory cognitive control in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

The ADRA2A-1291 C > G polymorphism and deficits in visual memory and inhibitory control were associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The present study aimed to examine whether the ADRA2A G/G genotype affected gray matter (GM) networks in ADHD and whether these gene-brain modulations were associated with cognitive function in ADHD. Seventy-five drug-naïve ADHD children and 70 healthy controls were recruited.

Brain Structure Measurements Predict Individualized Treatment Outcome of 12-Week Antipsychotic Monotherapies in First-episode Schizophrenia.

Background And Hypothesis: Early prediction of treatment response to antipsychotics in schizophrenia remains a challenge in clinical practice. This study aimed to investigate if brain morphometries including gray matter volume and cortical thickness could serve as potential predictive biomarkers in first-episode schizophrenia.

Study Design: Sixty-eight drug-naïve first-episode patients underwent baseline structural MRI scans and were subsequently randomized to receive a single antipsychotic throughout the first 12 weeks.

Evaluating test-retest reliability and sex-/age-related effects on temporal clustering coefficient of dynamic functional brain networks.

The multilayer dynamic network model has been proposed as an effective method to understand the brain function. In particular, derived from the definition of clustering coefficient in static networks, the temporal clustering coefficient provides a direct measure of the topological stability of dynamic brain networks and shows potential in predicting altered brain functions. However, test-retest reliability and demographic-related effects on this measure remain to be evaluated.

Altered single-subject gray matter structural networks in social anxiety disorder.

Previous fMRI studies have reported more random brain functional graph configurations in social anxiety disorder (SAD). However, it is still unclear whether the same configurations would occur in gray matter (GM) graphs. Structural MRI was performed on 49 patients with SAD and on 51 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HC).

Probing potential priming: Defining, quantifying, and testing the causal priming effect using the potential outcomes framework.

Having previously seen an item helps uncover the item another time, given a perceptual or cognitive cue. Oftentimes, however, it may be difficult to quantify or test the existence and size of a perceptual or cognitive effect, in general, and a priming effect, in particular. This is because to examine the existence of and quantify the effect, one needs to compare two outcomes: the outcome had one previously seen the item vs.