Objective: The study aims to evaluate the efficacy of neuromodulatory strategies for people who have drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE).
Methods: We searched electronic repositories, including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library, for randomized controlled trials, their ensuing open-label extension studies, and prospective studies focusing on surgical or neuromodulation interventions for people with DRE. We used seizure frequency reduction as the primary outcome.