E3 ubiquitin ligases: key regulators of osteogenesis and potential therapeutic targets for bone disorders.

Ubiquitination is a crucial post-translational modification of proteins that mediates the degradation or functional regulation of specific proteins. This process participates in various biological processes such as cell growth, development, and signal transduction. E3 ubiquitin ligases play both positive and negative regulatory roles in osteogenesis and differentiation by ubiquitination-mediated degradation or stabilization of transcription factors, signaling molecules, and cytoskeletal proteins.

PCSK9 aggravated carotid artery stenosis in ApoE mice by promoting the expression of tissue factors in endothelial cells via the TLR4/NF-κB pathway.

Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease, is the most relevant cause of carotid artery stenosis. Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) play a significant role in the development of atherosclerosis. In this chronic inflammatory environment, we aimed to investigate whether PCSK9 could mitigate atherosclerosis progression by reducing tissue factor expression in ECs via in vivo and in vitro assays.

Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Sex Differences: Analysis of Epidemiology, Outcomes, and Risk Factors.

Background: The differences in outcomes after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) between the sexes have not been concretely determined. This study aimed to evaluate the differences in epidemiology, outcomes, and risk factors between male and female patients with aSAH.

Methods: We performed a multicenter, retrospective study of patients with aSAH from 2017 to 2020.

The survival and outcome of older patients with primary aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: a 2-year follow-up, multi-centre, observational study.

Background And Purpose: The management of older aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (aSAH) cases is a clinical challenge. This study aimed to analyse the survival and functional outcomes in older aSAH patients (age ≥ 70 years) to provide evidence for making treatment decisions for such patients.

Methods: We performed a 2-year follow-up analysis of the Chinese Multi-Centre Cerebral Aneurysm Database for older patients suffering from aSAH from 2017 to 2020.

Phenyl Silicates with Substituted Catecholate Ligands: Synthesis, Structural Studies and Reactivity.

While the generation of aryl radicals by photoredox catalysis under reductive conditions is well documented, it has remained challenging under an oxidative pathway. Because of the easy photo-oxidation of alkyl bis-catecholato silicates, a general study of phenyl silicates bearing substituted catecholate ligands has been achieved. The newly synthesized phenyl silicates have been fully characterized, and their reactivity has been explored.

Merging photoredox with copper catalysis: decarboxylative difluoroacetylation of α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids with ICFCOEt.

A photoredox-/copper-catalyzed decarboxylative difluoroacetylation reaction of α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids has been developed. This reaction produces a variety of difluoroalkylated alkenes in moderate to excellent yields and exhibits satisfactory stereoselectivity and a broad substrate scope at ambient temperature. Furthermore, this decarboxylative difluoroacetylation protocol provides efficient and environment friendly access to the difluoroalkylated alkenes.

Lewis Acid Catalyzed Cyclization of Propargylic Alcohols with 2-Vinylphenol.

An unprecedented Lewis acid catalyzed, protection-free, and high-efficiency synthesis of valuable 3,4-dihydro-2H-2,4-methanochromans via cycloaddition of propargylic alkynols with 2-vinylphenol is described. This cycloaddition protocol, which tolerates a wide variety of functional groups, provides practical, versatile, and atom-economical access to a new class of appealing bridged-ring products in satisfactory yields. Compared with the reported reaction conditions for bridged-ring skeletons synthesis, the present reaction conditions are neutral, mild, and without any additives.

BF3·OEt2-AgSCF3 Mediated Trifluoromethylthiolation/Cascade Cyclization of Propynols: Synthesis of 4-((Trifluoromethyl)thio)-2H-chromene and 4-((Trifluoromethyl)thio)-1,2-dihydroquinoline Derivatives.

A BF3·OEt2-AgSCF3 mediated direct trifluoromethylthiolation/cascade cyclization of propynols involving the SCF3 anion nucleophilic pathway is developed. This protocol also provides an opportunity to construct valuable trifluoromethylthio-substituted 2H-chromene and 1,2-dihydroquinoline systems with high efficiency under mild conditions. Additionally, the developed BF3·OEt2-AgSCF3 reaction system could be scaled up to gram quantities in a satisfactory yield without inert gas protection.

Lewis Acid Catalyzed [4 + 3] Cycloaddition of Propargylic Alcohols with Azides.

An unprecedented Lewis acid catalyzed [4 + 3] cycloaddition reaction is described that provides a straightforward route to polycyclic products containing an imine-based indole azepine scaffold, starting from readily available internal tertiary alkynols and azides. This cycloaddition protocol provides efficient and atom-economical access to a new class of fascinating imine-containing products in satisfactory yields, which has shown good application in the construction of seven-membered N-heterocycles.

[Perinatal clomiphene citrate treatment changes sexual orientations of male mice].

Perinatal period and adolescence are critical for brain development, which is the biological basis of an individual's sexual orientation and sexual behavior. In this study, animals were divided into two groups and their sexual orientations were observed: one group experienced drug treatments during the perinatal period, and the other group was castrated at puberty. The results showed that estradiol treatment had no effect on mature male offspring's sexual orientations, but 9 days and 14 days of clomiphene citrate treatment significantly increased the chance of homosexuality and effeminized behavior.