Increased Bone Marrow Uptake and Accumulation of Very-Late Antigen-4 Targeted Lipid Nanoparticles.

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have evolved rapidly as promising delivery systems for oligonucleotides, including siRNAs. However, current clinical LNP formulations show high liver accumulation after systemic administration, which is unfavorable for the treatment of extrahepatic diseases, such as hematological disorders. Here we describe the specific targeting of LNPs to hematopoietic progenitor cells in the bone marrow.

A polynomial invariant for a new class of phylogenetic networks.

Invariants for complicated objects such as those arising in phylogenetics, whether they are invariants as matrices, polynomials, or other mathematical structures, are important tools for distinguishing and working with such objects. In this paper, we generalize a complete polynomial invariant on trees to a class of phylogenetic networks called separable networks, which will include orchard networks. Networks are becoming increasingly important for their ability to represent reticulation events, such as hybridization, in evolutionary history.

Alchemical Practice: Looking Towards the Chemical Humanities.

This special issue of Ambix is an outgrowth of the Tenth Annual Postgraduate Workshop titled "Society and the Creation of (al)Chemical Knowledge" hosted by the Embassy of the Free Mind in Amsterdam, 29-30 November 2019. This meeting of early career scholars with a shared interest in the history of alchemy and chemistry illustrated the diversity of methodological approaches that contribute to this subfield. Alchemical knowledge, created through practice, language, and material culture, has permeated society since the ancient world.

On the Comparison of Incompatibility of Split Systems Across Different Numbers of Taxa.

We consider the problem of the minimum number of phylogenetic trees it would take to display all splits in a given set, a problem related to k-compatibility. A set of trees that displays every single possible split is termed a universal tree set. In this note, we find the universal incompatibility U(n), the minimal size of a universal tree set for n taxa.

Evidence for a Syncytial Origin of Eukaryotes from Ancestral State Reconstruction.

Modern accounts of eukaryogenesis entail an endosymbiotic encounter between an archaeal host and a proteobacterial endosymbiont, with subsequent evolution giving rise to a unicell possessing a single nucleus and mitochondria. The mononucleate state of the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA) is seldom, if ever, questioned, even though cells harboring multiple (syncytia, coenocytes, and polykaryons) are surprisingly common across eukaryotic supergroups. Here, we present a survey of multinucleated forms.

Phylosymmetric Algebras: Mathematical Properties of a New Tool in Phylogenetics.

In phylogenetics, it is of interest for rate matrix sets to satisfy closure under matrix multiplication as this makes finding the set of corresponding transition matrices possible without having to compute matrix exponentials. It is also advantageous to have a small number of free parameters as this, in applications, will result in a reduction in computation time. We explore a method of building a rate matrix set from a rooted tree structure by assigning rates to internal tree nodes and states to the leaves, then defining the rate of change between two states as the rate assigned to the most recent common ancestor of those two states.

Recommendations for Effective Intersectoral Collaboration in Health Promotion Interventions: Results from Joint Action CHRODIS-PLUS Work Package 5 Activities.

The burden of chronic disease in Europe continues to grow. A major challenge facing national governments is how to tackle the risk factors of sedentary lifestyle, alcohol abuse, smoking, and unhealthy diet. These factors are complex and necessitate intersectoral collaboration to strengthen health promotion, counter-act the social determinants of health, and reduce the prevalence of chronic disease.

Boerhaave's Furnace. Exploring Early Modern Chemistry through Working Models.

This article discusses the (re)construction and use of an Early modern instrument, better known as Herman Boerhaave's (1668-1738) little furnace. We investigate the origins, history and materiality of this furnace, and examine the dynamic relationship between historical study and reconstructing and handling an object. We argue that combining textual analysis with performative methods allows us to gain a better understanding of both the role of lost material culture in historical chemical practice, pedagogy, and knowledge production, and provide a deeper understanding of the embodied experiences and knowledge of historical actors.

Rethinking Performative Methods in the History of Science.

Performative methods have been part of history of science research and education for at least three decades. Understood broadly, they cover every methodology in which a historian or philosopher of science engages in embodied interaction with sources, tools and materials that do not traditionally belong to historical research, with the aim of answering a historical research question. The question no longer appears to be whether performative methods have a place within history and philosophy of science research, but what their place is, could, or should be; when and how they can and cannot be used.

Online social media tells a story of , , and (Orthoptera, Tetrigidae), rare Australian pygmy grasshoppers.

Knowledge on the pygmy grasshoppers of Australia is, despite the numerous endemics being described from this unique continent, still scarce. Of interest is the genus group, including genera Storozhenko, 2019, Storozhenko, 2019, Storozhenko, 2019 and Sjöstedt, 1921. The systematic position of this group, currently assigned to Batrachideinae (Bufonidini), is probably not correct.

A partial order and cluster-similarity metric on rooted phylogenetic trees.

Metrics on rooted phylogenetic trees are integral to a number of areas of phylogenetic analysis. Cluster-similarity metrics have recently been introduced in order to limit skew in the distribution of distances, and to ensure that trees in the neighbourhood of each other have similar hierarchies. In the present paper we introduce a new cluster-similarity metric on rooted phylogenetic tree space that has an associated local operation, allowing for easy calculation of neighbourhoods, a trait that is desirable for MCMC calculations.

Tree-metrizable HGT networks.

Phylogenetic trees are often constructed by using a metric on the set of taxa that label the leaves of the tree. While there are a number of methods for constructing a tree using a given metric, such trees will only display the metric if it satisfies the so-called "four point condition", established by Buneman in 1971. While this condition guarantees that a unique tree will display the metric, meaning that the distance between any two leaves can be found by adding the distances on arcs in the path between the leaves, it doesn't exclude the possibility that a phylogenetic network might also display the metric.

Casting life, casting death: connections between early modern anatomical corrosive preparations and artistic materials and techniques.

Although the historical connections between anatomy and the visual arts have been explored in quite some depth, especially in the cases of early modern anatomical drawing, sculpting, the making of wet preparations and wax modelling, the role of artistic techniques in the creation of corrosive preparations has received little attention thus far. This is remarkable, as there appear to be significant similarities between casting techniques like those employed by the influential artist Wenzel Jamnitzer (1508-85) and anatomical corrosive techniques. This paper explores the connections between the two domains and argues that, although artistic and anatomical techniques were often very similar in terms of the materials used, the skills that had to be developed to apply them successfully, and the visual results, there were distinct materialities and techniques in each realm.

Boerhaave's Mineral Chemistry and Its Influence on Eighteenth-Century Pharmacy in the Netherlands and England.

In the eighteenth century, the use of mineral or fossil substances was relatively common in European medicine and pharmacy. However, this period also saw profound changes in ideas about the nomenclature, chemistry, and curative properties of minerals. Jonathan Simon has recently argued that an increasing orientation towards the mineral kingdom and the chemical transformation of minerals, and a rise in the number of mineral preparations demanded of the pharmacist, were characteristic for eighteenth-century chemistry within pharmacy.

Tree-based unrooted nonbinary phylogenetic networks.

Phylogenetic networks are a generalisation of phylogenetic trees that allow for more complex evolutionary histories that include hybridisation-like processes. It is of considerable interest whether a network can be considered 'tree-like' or not, which leads to the introduction of tree-based networks in the rooted, binary context. Tree-based networks are those networks which can be constructed by adding additional edges into a phylogenetic tree, called the base tree.

Limited salt consumption reduces the incidence of chronic kidney disease: a modeling study.

Background: In addition to blood pressure and cardiovascular disease, high-salt intake has been associated with renal diseases. The aim of this study is to estimate the potential health impact of salt reduction on chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in the Netherlands.

Methods: We developed a dynamic population health modeling tool to estimate the health impact of salt reduction on CKD and ESKD.

Identification of differences in health impact modelling of salt reduction.

We examined whether specific input data and assumptions explain outcome differences in otherwise comparable health impact assessment models. Seven population health models estimating the impact of salt reduction on morbidity and mortality in western populations were compared on four sets of key features, their underlying assumptions and input data. Next, assumptions and input data were varied one by one in a default approach (the DYNAMO-HIA model) to examine how it influences the estimated health impact.

Salt Reductions in Some Foods in The Netherlands: Monitoring of Food Composition and Salt Intake.

Background And Objectives: High salt intake increases blood pressure and thereby the risk of chronic diseases. Food reformulation (or food product improvement) may lower the dietary intake of salt. This study describes the changes in salt contents of foods in the Dutch market over a five-year period (2011-2016) and differences in estimated salt intake over a 10-year period (2006-2015).

Moderation of the Alliance-Outcome Association by Prior Depressive Episodes: Differential Effects in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Short-Term Psychodynamic Supportive Psychotherapy.

Prior studies have suggested that the association between the alliance and depression improvement varies as a function of prior history of depression. We sought to replicate these findings and extend them to short-term psychodynamic supportive psychotherapy (SPSP) in a sample of patients who were randomized to one of these treatments and were administered the Helping Alliance Questionnaire (N=282) at Week 5 of treatment. Overall, the alliance was a predictor of symptom change (d=0.

Differential efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy and psychodynamic therapy for major depression: a study of prescriptive factors.

Background: Minimal efficacy differences have been found between cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and psychodynamic therapies for depression, but little is known about patient characteristics that might moderate differential treatment effects. We aimed to generate hypotheses regarding such potential prescriptive factors.

Method: We conducted post-hoc model-based recursive partitioning analyses alongside a randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy of CBT and short-term psychodynamic supportive psychotherapy (SPSP).

Implementation conditions for diet and physical activity interventions and policies: an umbrella review.

Background: This umbrella review aimed at identifying evidence-based conditions important for successful implementation of interventions and policies promoting a healthy diet, physical activity (PA), and a reduction in sedentary behaviors (SB). In particular, we examined if the implementation conditions identified were intervention-specific or policy-specific. This study was undertaken as part of the DEterminants of DIet and Physical Activity (DEDIPAC) Knowledge Hub, a joint action as part of the European Joint Programming Initiative a Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life.

Health gain by salt reduction in europe: a modelling study.

Excessive salt intake is associated with hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Salt intake exceeds the World Health Organization population nutrition goal of 5 grams per day in the European region. We assessed the health impact of salt reduction in nine European countries (Finland, France, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom).

Nutritional impact of sodium reduction strategies on sodium intake from processed foods.

Background/objectives: Sodium intake in the Netherlands is substantially above the recommended intake of 2400 mg/day. This study aimed to estimate the effect of two sodium reduction strategies, that is, modification of the composition of industrially processed foods toward the technologically feasible minimum level or alteration of consumers' behavior on sodium intake in the Netherlands.

Subjects/methods: Data from the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey (2007-2010) and the Food Composition Table (2011) were used to estimate the current sodium intake.